Setlhogo seno ke karolo ya setlhogo sa patlisiso se se reng “Dithekenoloji tse di gatetseng pele tsa go baakanya ditshedi le dithulaganyo tsa go dirisa gape metswako ya ditshedi tsa maitirelo (SOC). Leba diathikele tsotlhe di le 14
Dihaeterokhabone tse di nkgang monate tsa bokete jo bo kwa tlase jwa dimolekhule (di-PAH) tse di jaaka nafethalene le di-nafethalene tse di tsenngwang mo boemong jwa tsone (methylnaphthalene, esiti ya nafetoiki, 1-nafethalene-N-methylcarbamate, jj.) di dirisiwa thata mo madirelong a a farologaneng mme di botlhole jwa dijini le go bolaya ditshedi, di bolaya dikoloi. Ditswakwa tseno tsa maitirelo tsa dibodi (SOCs) kgotsa di-xenobiotics di tsewa jaaka dikgotleletsi tsa botlhokwa mme di tshosetsa tikologo ya lefatshe lotlhe le boitekanelo jwa setšhaba. Bogale jwa ditiro tsa batho (sekao, go dira gase ya magala, go tlhotlha oli, go ntsha mesi ya dikoloi le tiriso ya temothuo) bo tlhomamisa kgobokano, phelelo le dipalangwa tsa metswako eno e e leng gongwe le gongwe le e e sa kgaotseng. Mo godimo ga mekgwa ya kalafi/go tlosa ka mmele le ka dikhemikhale, dithekenoloji tse ditala le tse di sa senyeng tikologo tse di jaaka bioremediation, tse di dirisang ditshedinnye tse di kgonang go senya di-POC gotlhelele kgotsa go di fetolela go nna ditlhagiswa tse di seng botlhole, di tlhageletse jaaka tsela e nngwe e e babalesegileng, e e somarelang ditshenyegelo le e e nang le ditshenyegelo. Mefuta e e farologaneng ya dibakateria tse di leng tsa mofuta wa dibakateria tsa Proteobacteria (Pseudomonas le Arthrobacteria) metswako e e farologaneng ya ditshedi. Dithuto tsa metaboliki, genomics, le tshekatsheko ya metagenomic di re thusa go tlhaloganya go raraana ga catabolic le go farologana go go leng teng mo dibopegong tseno tse di bonolo tsa botshelo, tse di ka dirisiwang go ya pele go senya ditshedi ka tsela e e nang le matswela. Go nna teng ga di-PAH ka nako e telele go dirile gore go tlhagelele diphenotaepe tse dišwa tsa go senyega ka phetiso ya dijini e e rapaletseng go dirisiwa dielemente tsa dijini tse di jaaka dipolasemiti, di-transposon, di-bacteriophage, ditlhaketlhake tsa genomic, le dielemente tse di kopanyang tsa dijini. Thutatshelo ya ditsamaiso le boenjenere jwa dijini jwa di-isolate tse di rileng kgotsa ditšhaba tsa sekao (dikhonsotia) di ka kgontsha bioremediation e e akaretsang, e e bonako le e e nang le matswela ya di-PAH tseno ka ditlamorago tsa tirisanommogo. Mo tlhatlhobong eno, re tlhoma mogopolo mo ditseleng tse di farologaneng tsa metaboliki le go farologana, popego ya dijini le go farologana, le dikarabo/diphetogo tsa disele tsa naphthalene le dibakateria tse di senyang naphthalene tse di tsenngwang mo boemong jwa tsone. Se se tla tlamela ka tshedimosetso ya ikholoji ya tiriso ya tshimo le go tokafatsa mefuta go dira bioremediation e e nang le matswela.
Ntshetsopele e potlakileng ya diindasteri (dikhemikhale tsa peterolo, temo, meriana, mebala ya matsela, ditlolo, jj.) e thusitse ho atleha ha moruo wa lefatshe le ho ntlafatsa maemo a bophelo. Ntshetsopele ena e kgolo e entse hore ho hlahiswe palo e kgolo ya metswako ya manyolo a maiketsetso (SOCs), e sebedisetswang ho etsa dihlahiswa tse fapaneng. Ditswakwa tseno tsa kwa ntle kgotsa di-SOC di akaretsa dihaeterokhabone tse di nkgang monate tsa polycyclic (PAHs), dibolayasenyi, dibolayamefero, dipolasetiki, difetolammala, melemo, di-organophosphate, dithibela-kgabo, ditlhaolosi tsa ditshedi tse di sa tlhomamang, jj. ditlamorago tse di kotsi mo dibopegong tse di farologaneng tsa ditshedi ka go fetola dithoto tsa fisikhokhemikhale le popego ya baagi (Petrie le ba bangwe, 2015; Bernhardt le ba bangwe, 2017; Sarkar le ba bangwe, 2020). Dikgotleletsi tse dintsi tse di nkgang monate di na le ditlamorago tse di maatla le tse di senyang mo dithulaganyong tse dintsi tsa tikologo/mafelo a a botlhokwa a mefutafuta ya ditshedi (sekao, dikorale, dithaba tsa aese tsa Arctic/Antarctic, makadiba a a kwa godimo a dithaba, matlakala a a kwa teng ga lewatle, jj.) (Jones 2010; Beyer et al. 2020; Nordborg et al. 2020; Nordborg et al.). Dithuto tsa sešweng tsa geomicrobiological di bontshitse gore go tlhongwa ga dibodi tsa maitirelo (sekao, dikgotleletsi tse di nkgang monate) le tse di tswang mo go tsone mo godimo ga dibopego tsa maitirelo (tikologo e e agilweng) (sekao, mafelo a boswa jwa setso le difikantswe tse di dirilweng ka granite, letlapa, logong le tshipi) go itlhaganedisa go senyega ga tsona (Lidd20;G.1). Ditiro tsa batho di ka gakatsa le go gakatsa go senyega ga difikantswe le dikago ka ditshedi ka kgotlhelo ya mowa le phetogo ya tlelaemete (Liu et al. 2020). Dikgotleletsi tseno tsa ditshedi di tsiboga le mouwane wa metsi mo lefaufaung mme di nna mo sebopegong, mme seno se baka go senyega ga sedirisiwa ka mmele le ka dikhemikhale. Go senyega ga ditshedi go amogelwa ke botlhe jaaka diphetogo tse di sa eletsegeng mo ponagalong le dithotong tsa didiriswa tse di bakiwang ke ditshedi tse di amang tshomarelo ya tsona (Pochon le Jaton, 1967). Tiro e nngwe ya ditshedinnye (phetogo ya dijo) ya metswako eno e ka fokotsa bothokgami jwa popego, bokgoni jwa tshomarelo le boleng jwa setso (Gadd, 2017; Liu et al., 2018). Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, mo mabakeng a mangwe, go tlwaela ga ditshedinnye le go tsibogela dipopego tse go fitlhetswe go le mosola ka gonne di bopa di-biofilm le di-crust tse dingwe tse di sireletsang tse di fokotsang seelo sa go bola/go bola (Martino, 2016). Ka jalo, tlhabololo ya maano a a atlegileng a paka e telele a a tswelelang a tshomarelo ya difikantswe tsa matlapa, tshipi le logong go tlhoka go tlhaloganya ka botlalo dithulaganyo tsa botlhokwa tse di amegang mo thulaganyong eno. Fa go bapisiwa le dithulaganyo tsa tlholego (dithulaganyo tsa thutafatshe, melelo ya sekgwa, go thunya ga lekgwamolelo, ditsibogo tsa dimela le dibakateria), ditiro tsa batho di felela ka go gololwa ga dibolumo tse dikgolo tsa dihaeterokhabone tse di nkgang monate tsa polycyclic (PAHs) le khabone e nngwe ya ditshedi (OC) mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo. Di-PAH tse dintsi tse di dirisiwang mo temothuong (dibolayatshenekegi le dibolaya-ditshenekegi tse di jaaka DDT, atrazine, carbaryl, pentachlorophenol, jj.), intaseteri (oli e tala, seretse sa oli/matlakala, dipolasetiki tse di tswang mo peterolong, di-PCB, dipolasetiki, ditlhatswa-ditshenekegi le dibolayamegare, dikumo tsa motho ka namana, (dithibela-letsatsi, dibolayamegare, dithibela-tshenekegi le di-musk tse di nang le di-polycyclic) le dibetsa (dithunyi tse di jaaka 2,4,6-TNT) ke ditshedi tse di ka amang boitekanelo jwa dipolanete (Srogi, 2007; Vamsee-Krishna le Phale, 2008; Petrie et al.5). Lenaneo leno le ka atolosiwa go akaretsa metswako e e tswang mo peterolong (dioli tsa lookwane, dilo tse di logelang, di-asphaltene), dipolasetiki tsa ditshedi tsa bokete jo bo kwa godimo jwa dimolekhule, le diedi tsa ionic (Amde et al., 2015). Lenaneo la 1 le thathamisa dikgotleletsi tse fapaneng tsa monko o monate le dikopo tsa tsona diindastering tse fapaneng. Mo dingwageng tsa bošeng jaana, mesi e e bakwang ke batho ya metswako ya ditshedi e e sa tlhomamang, mmogo le khabonetaeokosaete le digase tse dingwe tsa sethopo, di simolotse go oketsega (Dvorak et al., 2017). Le fa go ntse jalo, ditlamorago tse di bakiwang ke batho di feta thata tsa tlholego. Mo godimo ga moo, re fitlhetse gore palo ya di-SOC e tswelela mo ditikologong tse dintsi tsa tikologo mme di supilwe jaaka dikgotleletsi tse di tlhagelelang tse di nang le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo di-biome (Setshwantsho 1). Ditheo tsa tikologo tse di jaaka Setheo sa Tshireletso ya Tikologo sa United States (USEPA) di akareditse bontsi jwa dikgotleletsi tseno mo lenaaneng la tsone la dilo tse di tlang pele ka ntlha ya dithoto tsa tsone tsa go bolaya disele, go bolaya dijini, go fetola dijini, le go baka kankere. Ka jalo, melawana e e gagametseng ya go latlha le ditogamaano tse di atlegileng tsa go phepafatsa/go tlosa matlakala mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo tse di kgotletsweng di a tlhokega. Mekgwa e e farologaneng ya kalafi ya mmele le ya dikhemikhale jaaka pyrolysis, kalafi ya mogote wa oxidative, go tsenya mowa mo moweng, go latlhela matlakala, go fisa, jj ga e atlege e bile e a tura mme e ntsha ditlhagiswa tse di bolayang, tse di botlhole le tse di thata go alafiwa. Ka go oketsega ga temogo ya tikologo ya lefatshe lotlhe, ditshedinnye tse di kgonang go senya dikgotleletsi tse le tse di tswang mo go tsona (jaaka tse di nang le halojene, nitro, alkyl le/kgotsa methyl) di ngoka tlhokomelo e e oketsegang (Fennell le ba bangwe, 2004; Haritash le ba bangwe; ba bangwe, 2020; Schwanemann le ba bangwe, 2020). Tiriso ya ditshedinnye tseno tsa bontlhopheng ba tlholego di le tsosi kgotsa mo ditsong tse di tlhakaneng (dikoloni) go tlosa dikgotleletsi tse di nkgang monate go na le melemo go ya ka pabalesego ya tikologo, ditshenyegelo, bokgoni, go dira sentle, le go tswelela. Babatlisisi gape ba sekaseka go kopanngwa ga dithulaganyo tsa ditshedinnye le mekgwa ya redox ya motlakase, e leng dithulaganyo tsa bioelectrochemical (BES), jaaka thekenoloji e e solofetsang ya kalafi/go tlosa kgotlhelo (Huang et al., 2011). Thekenoloji ya BES e gogile tlhokomelo e e oketsegang ka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa yone jo bo kwa godimo, ditshenyegelo tse di kwa tlase, pabalesego ya tikologo, go dira mo themphereitšheng ya phaposi, didirisiwa tse di tsamaelanang le ditshedi, le bokgoni jwa go busetsa ditlhagiswa tsa botlhokwa tse di tlaleletsang (sekao, motlakase, lookwane, le dikhemikhale) (Pant et al., 2012; Nazari . Go tla ga tatelano ya dijini tse di nang le bokgoni jo bo kwa godimo le didirisiwa/mekgwa ya omics go tlametse ka tshedimosetso e ntsi e ntšhwa ka ga taolo ya dijini, proteomics, le fluxomics ya ditsibogo tsa ditshedinnye tse di farologaneng tse di senyang. Go kopanya didirisiwa tseno le thutatshelo ya ditsamaiso go tokafaditse gape go tlhaloganya ga rona ga go tlhopha le go baakanya ditsela tsa catabolic tse di ikaeletsweng mo ditsheding tse dinnye (ke gore, go tlhama metaboliki) go fitlhelela go senyega ga ditshedi go go nang le matswela le go go nang le matswela. Go tlhama maano a a atlegileng a go baakanya ditshedi ka go dirisa ditshedinnye tse di tshwanetseng, re tlhoka go tlhaloganya bokgoni jwa dikhemikhale tsa ditshedi, pharologano ya metaboliki, popego ya dijini, le ikholoji (autoecology/synecology) ya ditshedinnye.
Setshwantsho 1. Metswedi le ditsela tsa di-PAH tsa dimolekhule tse di kwa tlase ka ditikologo tse di farologaneng tsa tikologo le mabaka a a farologaneng a a amang ditshedi. Mela e e thaladitsweng e emela ditirisano magareng ga dielemente tsa thulaganyo ya tikologo.
Mo tlhatlhobong eno, re lekile go sobokanya tshedimosetso ka ga go senyega ga di-PAH tse di bonolo tse di jaaka naphthalene le di-naphthalene tse di emiseditsweng ke di-isolate tse di farologaneng tsa dibakateria tse di akaretsang ditsela tsa metaboliki le mefutafuta, diensaeme tse di amegang mo go senyegeng, popego ya dijini/diteng le mefutafuta, dikarabo tsa disele tsa bimediore aspect tse di farologaneng. Go tlhaloganya maemo a baeyokhemikhale le a dimolekhule go tla thusa mo go tlhaoleng mefuta e e tshwanetseng ya baamogedi le boenjenere jwa tsona jo bongwe jwa dijini go baakanya ditshedi tse di nang le matswela tsa dikgotleletsi tse di jalo tse di botlhokwa. Se se tla thusa mo go tlhameng maano a go tlhoma ditlhopha tsa dibakateria tse di rileng tsa lefelo la go baakanya ditshedi tse di atlegileng.
Go nna teng ga palo e kgolo ya metswako e e botlhole le e e kotsi ya monkgo (e e kgotsofatsang molao wa Huckel 4n + 2π dieleketerone, n = 1, 2, 3, ...) go tlisa matshosetsi a magolo mo metsweding e e farologaneng ya tikologo jaaka mowa, mmu, matlakala, le al2ugPlisi0 (boalogodimo le fa fatshe70). Metswako ena e na le dipalamonwana tse le nngwe tsa benzene (monocyclic) kapa dipalamonwana tse ngata tsa benzene (polycyclic) tse hlophisitsweng ka sebopeho sa mola, sa angular kapa sa sehlopha mme di bontsha botsitso (botsitso/ho se tsitse) tikolohong ka lebaka la matla a phahameng a resonance e mpe le ho se sebetse (ho se sebetse), tse ka hlaloswang ke boemo ba tsona bo fokoditsweng ba hydrophobici. Fa mogala wa monkgo o o nkgang monate o emisediwa gape ka ditlhopha tsa methyl (-CH3), khaboksile (-COOH), haeterokisile (-OH), kgotsa sulfonate (-HSO3), e nna e e tlhomameng thata, e na le kamano e e nonofileng le dimolekhule tse dikgolo, mme e a kgobokana mo dithulaganyong tsa ditshedi (Seo et al., al209; Dihaeterokhabone dingwe tse di nang le monkgo o o bokete jo bo kwa tlase tsa dimolekhule (LMWAH), tse di jaaka naphthalene le dilo tse di tswang mo go yone [methylnaphthalene, esiti ya naphthoic, enphthalenesulfonate, le 1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate (carbaryl)], di akareditswe mo lenaaneng la dilo tse di botlhokwa thata tse di kgotlelang botlhole jwa dijini, jo bo fetolang dijini, le/kgotsa jo bo bakang kankere (Cerniglia, 1984). Go gololwa ga setlhopha seno sa di-NM-PAH mo tikologong go ka felela ka go kokoanngwa ga ditshedi ga metswako eno mo maemong otlhe a ketane ya dijo, ka jalo go ama boitekanelo jwa dithulaganyo tsa tikologo (Binkova le ba bangwe, 2000; Srogi, 2007; Quinn le ba bangwe, 2009).
Metswedi le ditsela tsa di-PAH go ya kwa biota ke bogolosegolo ka go fuduga le tirisano magareng ga dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa thulaganyo ya tikologo jaaka mmu, metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe, metsi a boalogodimo, dijalo le lefaufau (Arey le Atkinson, 2003). Setshwantsho sa 1 se bontsha ditirisano le kabo ya di-PAH tse di farologaneng tsa bokete jo bo kwa tlase jwa dimolekhule mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo le ditsela tsa tsona tsa go tlhagelela mo biota/batho. Di-PAH di bewa mo godimo ga difatlhego ka ntlha ya kgotlhelo ya mowa le ka go fuduga (go kgweetsa) ga mesi ya dikoloi, digase tsa go tswa mo madirelong (go dira gase ya magala, go tuka le go tlhagisa coke) le go bewa ga tsone. Ditiro tsa madirelo tse di jaaka go dira matsela a maitirelo, mebala le dipente; go somarela dikgong; go dira rabara; ditiro tsa go dira samente; tlhagiso ya dibolayasenyi; le ditiriso tsa temothuo ke metswedi e megolo ya di-PAH mo dithulaganyong tsa lefatshe le tsa metsi (Bamforth le Singleton, 2005; Wick le ba bangwe, 2011). Dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore mebu e e mo mafelong a metsesetoropo le a ditoropo, gaufi le ditsela tse dikgolo, le mo ditoropong tse dikgolo e tlhaselwa thata ke dihaeterokhabone tse di nkgang monate tsa polycyclic (PAHs) ka ntlha ya mesi e e tswang mo dipolante tsa motlakase, go thuthafatsa ga bonno, morwalo wa pharakano ya mowa le tsela, le ditiro tsa kago (Suman et al20,6). (2008) e bontshitse gore di-PAH mo mmung gaufi le ditsela kwa New Orleans, Louisiana, USA di ne di le kwa godimo go fitlha go 7189 μg/kg, fa mo lefelong le le bulegileng, di ne di le 2404 μg/kg fela. Fela jalo, maemo a PAH a a kwa godimo go fitlha go 300 μg/kg a begilwe mo mafelong a a gaufi le mafelo a go dira gase ya magala mo ditoropong di le mmalwa tsa US (Kanaly le Harayama, 2000; Bamforth le Singleton, 2005). Mebu e e tswang kwa ditoropong tse di farologaneng tsa India jaaka Delhi (Sharma le ba bangwe, 2008), Agra (Dubey le ba bangwe, 2014), Mumbai (Kulkarni le Venkataraman, 2000) le Visakhapatnam (Kulkarni le ba bangwe, 2014) e begilwe go nna le dilekanyo tse di kwa godimo tsa PAH. Metswako e e nkgang monate e monyelwa bonolo mo dikarolwananeng tsa mmu, dibodi le diminerale tsa letsopa, ka jalo di nna disinki tse dikgolo tsa khabone mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo (Srogi, 2007; Peng et al., 2008). Metswedi e megolo ya di-PAH mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo tsa metsi ke pula (pula e e metsi/e e omileng le mouwane wa metsi), go elela ga metsi kwa ditoropong, go tshololwa ga metsi a a leswe, go tladiwa gape ga metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe jj (Srogi, 2007). Go fopholediwa gore bokana ka 80% ya di-PAH mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo tsa lewatle di tswa mo puleng, go tlhotlhorega ga mmu, le go ntsha matlakala (Motelay-Massei et al., 2006; Srogi, 2007). Ditekanyo tse di kwa godimo tsa di-PAH mo metsing a a kwa godimo kgotsa leachate go tswa kwa mafelong a go latlha matlakala a a thata di feleletsa di dutlela mo metsing a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe, mme seno se baka matshosetsi a magolo a boitekanelo jwa setšhaba ka gonne go feta 70% ya baagi kwa Borwa le Borwabotlhaba jwa Asia ba nwa metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe (Duttagupta et al., 2019). Thutopatlisiso ya bošeng jaana e e dirilweng ke Duttagupta le ba bangwe. (2020) ya ditshekatsheko tsa noka (32) le metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe (235) go tswa kwa West Bengal, India, di fitlhetse gore palo e e fopholediwang go nna 53% ya baagi ba ditoropong le 44% ya baagi ba metseselegae (palogotlhe ya baagi ba le dimilione di le 20) ba ka nna ba tlhagelela mo dilong tse di tswang mo naphthalene (4.9–10.6 μL/10.6). Dipaterone tsa tiriso ya lefatshe tse di farologaneng le go ntsha metsi a a oketsegileng a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe go tsewa e le dintlha tse dikgolo tse di laolang dipalangwa tse di emeng (advection) tsa di-PAH tsa bokete jo bo kwa tlase jwa dimolekhule mo lefatsheng le le ka fa tlase ga lefatshe. Metsi a a elelang a temothuo, go tshololwa ga metsi a a leswe a mmasepala le a madirelo, le go tshololwa ga matlakala a a thata/matlakala go fitlhetswe go amiwa ke di-PAH mo dibeiseneng tsa dinoka le mo matlakaleng a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe. Pula e e nang mo lefaufaung e gakatsa kgotlhelo ya PAH le go feta. Dipalopalo tse di kwa godimo tsa di-PAH le ditswakwa tsa tsona tsa alkyl (51 ka kakaretso) di begilwe mo dinokeng/dikgaolo tsa metsi lefatshe ka bophara, jaaka Noka ya Fraser, Noka ya Louan, Noka ya Denso, Noka ya Missouri, Noka ya Anacostia, Noka ya Ebro, le Noka ya Delaware (Yunker et al., 2002; 2010; Amoako le ba bangwe, 2011; Mo matlakaleng a Noka ya Ganges, naphthalene le phenanthrene di fitlhetswe e le tsona tse di botlhokwa thata (di lemogilwe mo 70% ya disampole) (Duttagupta le ba bangwe, 2019). Ho feta moo, dithuto di bontshitse hore ho kenya chlorine metsing a nowang ho ka lebisa ho theheng ha di-PAH tse nang le oksijene le tse nang le chlorine tse nang le chefo e ngata (Manoli le Samara, 1999). Di-PAH di kgobokana mo dithorong, maungo le merogo ka ntlha ya go tsewa ke dimela go tswa mo mebung e e kgotletsweng, metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe le pula (Fismes et al., 2002). Ditshedi tse dintsi tsa mo metsing jaaka ditlhapi, di-mussel, di-clam le dishirimpe di kgotleletswe ke di-PAH ka go ja dijo tse di kgotletsweng le metsi a lewatle, ga mmogo le ka dithishu le letlalo (Mackay le Fraser, 2000). Mekgwa ya go apaya/go dira jaaka go besa, go gadika, go goga, go gadika, go omisa, go baka le go apaya ka magala le yona e ka baka selekanyo se se bonalang sa di-PAH mo dijong. Se se ikaegile thata ka tlhopho ya sediriswa sa go goga, diteng tsa haeterokhabone tsa phenolic/monkgo, tsamaiso ya go apaya, mofuta wa sethuthafatsi, diteng tsa bongola, tlamelo ya okosejene le themphereitšha ya go tuka (Guillén et al., 2000; Gomes et al., 2013). Dihaeterokhabone tse di nkgang monate tsa dipolycyclic (PAHs) le tsona di lemogilwe mo mašwing ka dilekanyo tse di farologaneng (0.75–2.1 mg/L) (Girelli et al., 2014). Go kgobokana ga di-PAH tseno mo dijong gape go ikaegile ka dipharologantsho tsa physicochemical tsa dijo, fa ditlamorago tsa tsona tse di botlhole di amana le ditiro tsa mmele, tiro ya metaboliki, go monyelwa, go anamisiwa le go anamisiwa ga mmele (Mechini et al., 2011).
Botlhole le ditlamorago tse di kotsi tsa dihaeterokhabone tse di nkgang monate tsa dipolycyclic (PAHs) di itsege ka nako e telele (Cherniglia, 1984). Dihaeterokhabone tse di nkgang monate tsa bokete jo bo kwa tlase jwa dimolekhule (LMW-PAHs) (dipalamonwana tse pedi go ya go tse tharo) di ka kgona go golagana ka tsela ya covalent le dimolekhule tse dikgolo tse di farologaneng jaaka DNA, RNA le diporoteine ​​mme di baka kankere (Santarelli et al., 2008). Ka ntlha ya tlhago ya tsona ya go tshaba metsi, di kgaogantswe ke dimembrane tsa mafura. Mo bathong, di-monooxygenase tsa cytochrome P450 di oksidisa di-PAH go nna di-epoxide, tse dingwe tsa tsona di tsibogang thata (sekao, epoxide ya baediol) mme di ka lebisa kwa phetogong ya disele tse di tlwaelegileng go nna tse di kotsi (Marston et al., 2001). Mo godimo ga moo, ditlhagiswa tsa phetogo tsa di-PAH tse di jaaka di-quinone, di-phenol, di-epoxide, di-diol, jj di botlhole go feta metswako ya motsadi. Di-PAH tse dingwe le dilo tse di magareng tsa tsona tsa metaboliki di ka ama dihomoune le diensaeme tse di farologaneng mo phetolong ya dijo, ka jalo di ama kgolo ka tsela e e sa siamang, thulaganyo ya methapo ya bogareng, thulaganyo ya tsalo le ya masole a mmele (Swetha le Phale, 2005; Vamsee-Krishna le ba bangwe, 2006; Oostingh et al.,). Go tlhagelela ka nako e khutshwane mo di-PAH tsa bokete jo bo kwa tlase jwa dimolekhule go begilwe go baka go sa dire sentle ga makgwafo le go tswa ga madi mo bathong ba ba nang le asthma le go oketsa kotsi ya kankere ya letlalo, makgwafo, senya le ya mala (Olsson et al., 2010; Diggs et al., 2011). Dithutopatlisiso tsa diphologolo di bontshitse gape gore go tlhagelela mo PAH go ka nna le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo tirong ya tsalo le kgolong mme go ka baka letha la matlho, tshenyo ya diphilo le sebete, le jaundice. Ditlhagiswa tse di farologaneng tsa phetogo ya ditshedi tsa PAH jaaka di-diol, di-epoxide, di-quinone le di-radical tse di gololesegileng (di-cation) di bontshitswe go bopa di-adduct tsa DNA. Di-adduct tse di tlhomameng di bontshitswe di fetola metšhini ya go ipoeletsa ga DNA, fa di-adduct tse di sa tlhomamang di kgona go tlosa DNA (bogolo jang go adenine mme ka dinako tse dingwe go guanine); bobedi bo ka tlhagisa diphoso tse di lebisang kwa diphetogong tsa dijini (Schweigert le ba bangwe 2001). Mo godimo ga moo, di-quinone (benzo-/pan-) di ka tlhagisa mefuta ya okosejene e e tsibogang (ROS), mme tsa baka tshenyo e e bolayang mo DNA le mo dimolekhuleng tse dingwe tse dikgolo, ka jalo tsa ama tiro/go kgona ga dithishu (Ewa le Danuta 2017). Go tlhagelela ka nako e telele mo dilekanyo tse di kwa tlase tsa pyrene, biphenyl le naphthalene go begilwe go baka kankere mo diphologolong tsa ditekelelo (Diggs et al. 2012). Ka ntlha ya botlhole jwa tsona jo bo bolayang, go phepafatsa/go tlosa di-PAH tse mo mafelong a a amegang/a a kgotletsweng ke selo sa botlhokwa.
Mekgwa e e farologaneng ya mmele le ya khemikhale e dirisitswe go tlosa di-PAH mo mafelong/ditikologong tse di kgotletsweng. Dithulaganyo tse di jaaka go fisiwa, go ntsha chlorination, UV oxidation, go tlhomamisa, le go ntsha ditlhaolosi di na le dikotsi tse dintsi, go akaretsa le go bopega ga ditlhagiswa tse di botlhole, go raraana ga thulaganyo, dintlha tsa pabalesego le taolo, bokgoni jo bo kwa tlase, le ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo. Le fa go ntse jalo, go senyega ga ditshedi tse dinnye (go go bidiwang bioremediation) ke mokgwa o mongwe o o solofetsang o o akaretsang tiriso ya ditshedinnye ka sebopego sa ditso tse di phepa kgotsa dikoloni. Fa go bapisiwa le mekgwa ya go dirisa dikhemikhale le go dirisa dikhemikale, ga e senye tikologo, ga e tsenelele, ga e je madi a mantsi e bile ga e nnele ruri. Bioremediation e ka dirwa mo lefelong le le amegileng (mo lefelong) kgotsa mo lefelong le le baakantsweng ka tsela e e kgethegileng (ex situ) mme ka jalo e tsewa jaaka mokgwa wa go baakanya o o tswelelang go feta mekgwa ya setso ya mmele le ya dikhemikhale (Juhasz le Naidu, 2000; Andreoni le Gianfreda et al. 2020; Sarkar le ba bangwe, 2020).
Go tlhaloganya dikgato tsa metaboliki ya ditshedinnye tse di amegang mo go senyegeng ga dikgotleletsi tse di nkgang monate go na le ditlamorago tse dikgolo tsa saense le tsa ikonomi mo go tswelediseng ikholoji le tikologo. Go fopholediwa gore digerama di le 2.1×1018 tsa khabone (C) di bolokwa mo di-sediment le mo metswakong ya ditshedi (ke gore, oli, gase ya tlholego, le magala, ke gore, ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng) lefatshe ka bophara, mme seno se na le seabe se segolo mo modikologong wa khabone wa lefatshe lotlhe. Le fa go ntse jalo, go dira madirelo ka bonako, go ntsha ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng, le ditiro tsa batho di fokotsa matangwana ano a khabone ya lithospheric, di golola khabone e e fopholediwang go nna 5.5×1015 g ya ditshedi (jaaka dikgotleletsi) mo lefaufaung ngwaga le ngwaga (Gonzalez-Gaya et al., 2019). Bontsi jwa khabone eno ya ditshedi e tsena mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo tsa lefatshe le tsa lewatle ka go tlhotlhorega, go tsamaisiwa le go elela ga metsi. Mo godimo ga moo, dikgotleletsi tse dišwa tsa maitirelo tse di tswang mo ditukising tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng, tse di jaaka dipolasetiki, dipolasetiki le ditlhomamiso tsa polasetiki (di-phthalate le di-isomer tsa tsone), di kgotlela thata dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa lewatle, tsa mmu le tsa mo metsing le ditshedi tsa tsone, ka jalo di gakatsa dikotsi tsa tlelaemete ya lefatshe lotlhe. Mefuta e e farologaneng ya dipolasetiki tse dinnye, dipolasetiki tse dinnye, dikarolwana tsa polasetiki le ditlhagiswa tsa tsona tsa monomere tse di botlhole tse di tswang mo polyethylene terephthalate (PET) di kokoane mo Lewatleng la Pacific fa gare ga Amerika Bokone le Borwabotlhaba jwa Asia, di bopa “Lefelo le legolo la Matlakala a Pacific”, di gobatsa botshelo jwa lewatle (Newell et al., . Dithutopatlisiso tsa saense di supile gore ga go kgonege go tlosa dikgotleletsi/matlakala a a ntseng jalo ka mekgwa epe ya mmele kgotsa ya khemikhale. Mo bokaong jo, ditshedinnye tse di mosola thata ke tseo di kgonang go fetola dikgotleletsi ka oksijene go nna khabonetaeokosaete, maatla a khemikhale le ditlhagiswa tse dingwe tse di seng botlhole tse di felelang di tsena mo dithulaganyong tse dingwe tsa go tsamaya ga dikotla (H, O, N, S, P, Fe, jj.). Ka jalo, go tlhaloganya ecophysiology ya ditshedinnye tsa go dira diminerale tsa kgotlhelo e e monkomonate le taolo ya yona ya tikologo go botlhokwa thata mo go sekasekeng modikologo wa khabone ya ditshedinnye, tekanyetsokabo ya khabone e e feletseng le dikotsi tsa tlelaemete tsa isago. Ka ntlha ya tlhokego e e potlakileng ya go tlosa metswako e e ntseng jalo mo tikologong, go tlhagile madirelo a a farologaneng a tikologo a a tlhomang mogopolo mo dithekenolojing tse di phepa. Go seng jalo, go tlhoma boleng jwa matlakala a madirelo/dikhemikhale tsa matlakala tse di kokoantsweng mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo (ke gore mokgwa wa matlakala go ya kwa khumong) go tsewa jaaka nngwe ya dipilara tsa ikonomi ya sediko le maikaelelo a tlhabololo e e tswelelang (Close et al., 2012). Ka jalo, go tlhaloganya dintlha tsa metaboliki, enzymatic le tsa dijini tsa bontlhopheng ba ba ka nnang teng ba go senyega go botlhokwa thata mo go tloseng ka katlego le go baakanya dikgotleletsi tse di nkgang jalo tsa ditshedi.
Gareng ga dikgotleletsi tse dintsi tse di nkgang monate, re ela tlhoko thata di-PAH tsa bokete jo bo kwa tlase jwa dimolekhule tse di jaaka naphthalene le di-naphthalene tse di tsenngwang mo boemong jwa tsone. Metswako e ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa ditukisi tse di tswang mo peterolong, mebala ya masela, ditlhagiswa tsa bareki, dibolayasenyi (dibolo tsa moth le ditshenekegi tse di lelekang), dipolasetiki le di-tannin mme ka jalo di aname mo dithulaganyong tse dintsi tsa tikologo (Preuss et al., 2003). Dipegelo tsa sešweng di tlhagisa go kokoanngwa ga dilekanyo tsa naphthalene mo ditlhotlhoring tsa aquifer, metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe le mebung e e ka fa tlase ga lefatshe, dikgaolo tsa vadose le mafelo a dinoka, go akantsha go kokoanngwa ga yona ga ditshedi mo tikologong (Duttagupta et al., 2019, 2020). Lenaneo la 2 le akaretsa dithoto tsa fisikhokhemikhale, ditiriso le ditlamorago tsa boitekanelo tsa naphthalene le ditswakwa tsa yona. Fa e bapisiwa le di-PAH tse dingwe tsa bokete jo bo kwa godimo jwa dimolekhule, naphthalene le ditswakwa tsa yona ga di tshabe metsi thata, di tlhotlhorega thata mo metsing e bile di anamisitswe thata mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo, ka jalo gantsi di dirisiwa jaaka di-substrate tsa sekao go ithuta metabolism, dijini le mefutafuta ya metaboliki ya di-PAH. Palo e kgolo ya ditshedinnye di kgona go fetola naphthalene le ditswakwa tsa yona, mme tshedimosetso e e tseneletseng e teng ka ga ditsela tsa tsona tsa phetogo, diensaeme le diponagalo tsa taolo (Mallick le ba bangwe, 2011; Phale le ba bangwe, 2019, 2020). Mo godimo ga moo, naphthalene le ditswakwa tsa yona di tlhomilwe jaaka metswako ya sekao sa tshekatsheko ya kgotlhelo ya tikologo ka ntlha ya bontsi jwa tsone jo bo kwa godimo le go nna teng ga tsone mo ditsheding. Setheo sa Tshireletso ya Tikologo sa US se fopholetsa gore palogare ya maemo a naphthalene ke 5.19 μg ka kubikimitara go tswa mo mosing wa sekerete, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go tukeng go go sa felelang, le 7.8 go ya go 46 μg go tswa mo mosing o o tswang kwa thoko, fa go tlhagelela mo creosote le naphthalene go ya kwa godimo e le 1,000. ba bangwe 2003). Naphthalene segolobogolo e fitlhetswe e na le botlhole jwa go hema jo bo rileng jwa mefuta, kgaolo le bong le go baka kankere. Go ikaegilwe ka dipatlisiso tsa diphologolo, Setheo sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa Patlisiso ka Kankere (IARC) se tlhaotse naphthalene jaaka “selo se se ka nnang sa baka kankere mo bathong” (Setlhopha 2B)1. Go tlhagelela mo di-naphthalene tse di emiseditsweng, bogolosegolo ka go hema kgotsa go tsenngwa ka parenteral (ka molomo), go baka kgobalo ya dithishu tsa makgwafo le go oketsa ditiragalo tsa ditlhagala tsa makgwafo mo dipeba le dipeba (Lenaneo la Bosetšhaba la Toxicology 2). Ditlamorago tse di bogale di akaretsa go feroga sebete, go kgwa, go utlwa botlhoko mo mpeng, go tsholola, go opiwa ke tlhogo, go tlhakana tlhogo, go fufula thata, letshoroma, go itaya ga pelo, jj. batho mme e bontshitswe e thibela asetilekholinesterase e e bakang go swa ditokololo (Smulders le ba bangwe, 2003; Bulen le Distel, 2011). Ka jalo, go tlhaloganya mekgwa ya go senyega ga ditshedinnye, taolo ya dijini, ditsibogo tsa enzymatic le tsa disele go botlhokwa thata mo go tlhameng maano a bioremediation mo ditikologong tse di kgotletsweng.
Lenaneo 2. Tshedimosetso e e feletseng ka ga dithoto tsa fisikhokhemikhale, tiriso, mekgwa ya go supa le malwetse a a amanang le naphthalene le ditswakwa tsa yona.
Mo mafelong a a kgotlelegileng, dikgotleletsi tse di nkgang monate tse di tshabang metsi le tse di ratang mafura di ka baka ditlamorago tse di farologaneng tsa disele mo maekerobaeome ya tikologo (baagi), tse di jaaka diphetogo mo go eleleng ga lera, go tsenelela ga lera, go ruruga ga dikarolo tse pedi tsa mafura, go kgoreletsega ga phetiso ya maatla (ketane ya dipalangwa tsa dieleketerone tsa lera/ (Sikkema le ba bangwe, 1995). Mo godimo ga moo, dilo dingwe tse di magareng tse di nwelelang jaaka di-catechol le di-quinone di ntsha mefuta ya okosejene e e tsibogang (ROS) mme di bopa di-adduct tse di nang le DNA le diporoteine ​​(Penning et al., 1999). Ka jalo, bontsi jwa metswako e e ntseng jalo mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo bo dira kgatelelo e e tlhophilweng mo merafeng ya ditshedinnye gore e nne disenyang tse di nang le matswela mo maemong a a farologaneng a fisioloji, go akaretsa le go tsewa/go tsamaisiwa, phetogo ya mo teng ga disele, go tshwaediwa/tiriso, le go aroganngwa.
Patlisiso ya Porojeke ya Polokelotshedimosetso ya Ribosomal-II (RDP-II) e senotse gore palogotlhe ya mefuta ya dibakateria e le 926 e ne ya kgaoganngwa go tswa mo ditso tsa bobegakgang kgotsa tsa go humisa tse di kgotletsweng ka naphthalene kgotsa ditswakwa tsa yona. Setlhopha sa Proteobacteria se ne se na le palo e e kwa godimo ya baemedi (n = 755), mme sa latelwa ke Dibakateria tsa Firmicutes (52), Dibakateria tsa Dibakateria (43), Dibakateria tsa Actinobacteria (39), Dibakateria tsa Tenericutes (10), le dibakateria tse di sa aroganngwang (8) (Setshwantsho 2). Baemedi ba γ-Proteobacteria (Di-Pseudomonadales le Xanthomonadales) ba ne ba laola ditlhopha tsotlhe tse di sa siamang tsa Gram tse di nang le diteng tse di kwa godimo tsa G+C (54%), fa Di-Clostridiales le Bacillales (30%) e ne e le ditlhopha tse di nang le Gram tse di nang le diteng tse di kwa tlase tsa G+C. Di-pseudomonas (palo e e kwa godimo, mefuta e le 338) di ne tsa begwa di kgona go senya naphthalene le ditswakwa tsa yone tsa methyl mo dithulaganyong tse di farologaneng tsa tikologo tse di kgotletsweng (sekontiri sa magala, peterole, oli e tala, seretse, go tshologela ga oli, metsi a a leswe (di-divers mo thulaganyong ya matlakala a ditshedi le matlakala a a sa siamang, mmogo le, metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe) (Setshwantsho 2). Ho feta moo, dithuto tsa ho ruisa le tlhahlobo ya metagenomic ya tse ding tsa dibaka tsena di senotse hore mefuta e sa hlophiswang ya Legionella le Clostridium e ka nna ya ba le bokgoni ba ho senya, ho bontsha tlhokeho ya ho hlophisa dibaktheria tsena ho ithuta ditsela tse ntjha le mefutafuta ya metaboliki.
Setshwantsho 2. Mefutafuta ya ditshedi le kabo ya ikholoji ya baemedi ba dibakateria mo ditikologong tse di kgotletsweng ka naphthalene le ditswakwa tsa naphthalene.
Mo gare ga ditshedinnye tse di farologaneng tse di nkgang monate tse di senyang haeterokhabone, bontsi jwa tsone di kgona go senya naphthalene jaaka motswedi o le mongwe fela wa khabone le maatla. Tatelano ya ditiragalo tse di amegang mo phetogong ya naphthalene e tlhalositswe mo Pseudomonas sp. (mefuta: NCIB 9816-4, G7, AK-5, PMD-1 le CSV86), Ditshenekegi tsa maaka tsa AN10, Ditshenyegelo tsa maaka tsa PC20 le mefuta e mengwe (ND6 le AS1) (Mahajan le ba bangwe, 1994; 2003; Dennis le Zylstra, 2006; go fetolela naftalene go nna cis-naftalenediol (Setshwantsho 3 Cis-dihaeterodiol e fetolelwa go nna 1,2-dihaeterojenasese e e kgaoganyang lesale, 1,2-dihaeterosetalenese-dioksijenase (12DHNDO), . 2-haedrokisikromene-2-khaboksiliki esiti e ne e le motswako wa ntlha wa C3 mo tseleng ya bogareng ya khabone. Salicylaldehyde e e ikaegileng ka NAD+ e fetolela salicylaldehyde mo kgatong eno e bidiwa “tsela e e kwa godimo” ya go senyega ga naftalene Tsela eno e tlwaelegile thata mo dibakateriang tse dintsi tse di senyang naftalene Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le di-exception di le mmalwa tsa 2. go senyega ga nafethalene go simololwa ke nafethalene 2,3-dioksijenase go bopa 2,3-dihaeterokisinafethalene (Annweiler le ba bangwe, 2000).
Setshwantsho 3. Ditsela tsa go senyega ga nafethalene, methylnafethalene, esiti ya nafetoiki, le khabarile. Dipalo tse di dikologilweng di emela di-enzyme tse di ikarabelang ka go fetola naphthalene le ditswakwa tsa yona ka tatelano go nna ditlhagiswa tse di latelang. 1 - nafthalene dioksijenase (NDO); 2, cis-dihaeterodiol dehaeterojenase; 3, 1,2-dihaeterokisinaftalene dioksijenase; 4, 2-haeterokeromene-2-khaboksiliki esiti ya isomerase; 5, trans-O-haeterokisibensilidenepiruvate haeterosese aldolase; 6, salisilaledehaete dehaeterojenase; 7, salisilete 1-haeteroksilase; 8, katekole 2,3-taeokosejenase (C23DO); 9, 2-haeterokisimukonate semialdehaete dehaeterojenase; 10, 2-oksopente-4-enoate haeteretase; 11, 4-haeterokisi-2-oksopentanoate aldolase; 12, asetaldehaete dehaeterojenase; 13, katekole-1,2-taeokosejenase (C12DO); 14, saekloisomerase ya mukonate; 15, delta-isomerase ya mukonolaktone; 16, haeterolase ya β-ketoadipatenolaktone; 17, phetiso ya β-ketoadipate ya suksinile-CoA; 18, thiolase ya β-ketoadipate-CoA; 19, suksinile-CoA: asetile-CoA e e fetolang suksinile; 20, salisilete 5-haeteroksilase; 21 – jensete 1,2-taeokosejenase (GDO); 22, isomerase ya maleypirufate; 23, haeterolase ya fumarilepiruvate; 24, methylenafthalene haeteroksilase (NDO); 25, haeterokisimetilnaftalene dehaeterojenase; 26, nafthaldehaete dehaeterojenase; 27, 3-fomilesalisiliki esiti ya oksaetese; 28, haeterokisiisoftalete dekhaboksilase; 29, khabarile haeterolase (CH); 30, 1-nafethole-2-haeteroksilase.
Go ikaegile ka setshedi le popego ya sona ya dijini, esiti ya salisiliki e e tlhagelelang e fetolwa gape ka tsela ya katekole go dirisiwa salisilate 1-haeteroksilase (S1H) kgotsa ka tsela ya gentisate go dirisiwa salisilate 5-haeteroksilase (S5H) (Setshwantsho 3). Ka ge salicylic acid e le selo se segolo se se fa gare mo phetogong ya naphthalene (tsela e e kwa godimo), dikgato go tswa mo esiti ya salicylic go ya kwa selong se se fa gare sa TCA gantsi di bidiwa tsela e e kwa tlase, mme dijini di rulagantswe go nna operon e le nngwe. Go tlwaelegile go bona gore dijini tse di mo operon ya tsela e e kwa godimo (nah) le operon ya tsela e e kwa tlase (sal) di laolwa ke mabaka a a tlwaelegileng a taolo; sekai, NahR le esiti ya salisiliki di dira jaaka ditlhotlheletsi, di letla di-operon ka bobedi go fetola naftalene ka botlalo (Phale le ba bangwe, 2019, 2020).
Mo godimo ga moo, katekhole e kgaoganngwa ka modikologo go nna 2-haeterokisimukonate semialdehaete ka tsela ya meta ke katekhole 2,3-dioksijenase (C23DO) (Yen et al., 1988) mme e bo e tlhaolosiwa gape ke 2-haeterokisimukonate semialdehaete esiti ya haeterolase. 2-haeterokisipente-2,4-dienoate e bo e fetolelwa go nna pyruvate le asetaldehaete ke haeterose (2-oxopente-4-enoate haeterese) le aldolase (4-haeterose-2-oxopentanoate aldolase) mme morago ga moo e tsene mo tseleng ya khabone e e fa gare (Setshwantsho 3). Go seng jalo, katekhole e kgaoganngwa ka modikologo go nna cis, cis-muconate ka tsela ya ortho ke katekhole 1,2-oksijenase (C12DO). Di fetola cis,cis-muconate go nna 3-oxoadipate, e e tsenang mo tseleng ya khabone e e fa gare ka succinyl-CoA le asetile-CoA (Nozaki et al., 1968) (Nozaki et al., 1968) (Nozaki et al., 1968) (Nozaki et al., 1968) (Nozaki et al., 1968) (Nozaki et al., 1968) (Nozaki et al., 1968)
Mo tseleng ya jentisaete (2,5-dihaeterokisibenzoate), lesale le le nkgang monate le kgaoganngwa ke jentisaete 1,2-dioksijenase (GDO) go bopa maleypyruvate. Setlhagiswa se se ka tlhaolosiwa ka tlhamalalo go nna pyruvate le malate, kgotsa se ka isomer go bopa fumarylpiruvate, e e ka tlhakanngwang le metsi go nna piruvate le fumarate (Larkin le Day, 1986). Tlhopho ya tsela e nngwe e lemogilwe mo dibakethering tse di sa siamang tsa Gram le tse di nang le Gram mo maemong a baeyokhemikhale le a dijini (Morawski le ba bangwe, 1997; Whyte le ba bangwe, 1997). Dibaketeria tse di sa siamang tsa Gram (Pseudomonas) di rata go dirisa esiti ya salisiliki, e e leng setlhotlheletsi sa phetogo ya naphthalene, e e ntsha khaboksile go nna katekhole ka go dirisa salisilitiki 1-haeteroksilase (Gibson le Subramanian, 1984). Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, mo dibakethering tse di nang le Gram (Rhodococcus), salisilate 5-haedroksilase e fetola esiti ya salisiliki go nna esiti ya gentisiki, fa esiti ya salisiliki e sena ditlamorago tse di tlhotlheletsang mo go kwalololweng ga dijini tsa naphthalene (Grund et al., 1992) (Setshwantsho 3).
Go begilwe gore mefuta e e jaaka Pseudomonas CSV86, Oceanobacterium NCE312, Marihomonas naphthotrophicus, Sphingomonas paucimobilis 2322, Vibrio cyclotrophus, Pseudomonas degfluorescens LP6a, Pseudomonas speciess le (Dean-Raymond le Bartha, 1975; Cane le Williams, 1982; Mahajan le ba bangwe, 1994; Dutta le ba bangwe, 1998; Hedlund le ba bangwe, 1999). Gareng ga tsona, tsela ya go senyega ga 1-methylnaftalene le 2-methylnaftalene ya Pseudomonas sp. CSV86 e ithutilwe ka tlhamalalo mo maemong a baeyokhemikhale le a diensaeme (Mahajan le ba bangwe, 1994). 1-Methylnaphthalene e fetolwa ka ditsela tse pedi. Sa ntlha, lesale le le nkgang monate le a hydroxylated (lesale le le sa emisediweng la methylnaphthalene) go bopa cis-1,2-dihaeterokisi-1,2-dihaetero-8-methylnaphthalene, e e tswelelang go oksidiwa go nna methyl salicylate le methylcatechol (mo tseleng ya khabone ya bogareng ya ringSetshwantsho3). Tsela e e bidiwa “tsela ya motswedi wa khabone”. Mo “tseleng ya bobedi ya go ntsha botlhole”, setlhopha sa methyl se ka tlhotlhelediwa ke NDO go bopa 1-hydroxymethylnaphthalene, e e tswelelang go oksidiwa go nna esiti ya 1-naphthoic mme ya ntshiwa mo sedirisiweng sa setso jaaka setlhagiswa se se sa tlholeng se le teng. Dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore mofuta wa CSV86 ga o kgone go gola mo esiti ya 1- le 2-naphthoic jaaka motswedi o le mongwe fela wa khabone le maatla, go netefatsa tsela ya yona ya go ntsha botlhole (Mahajan le ba bangwe, 1994; Basu le ba bangwe, 2003). Mo 2-methylnaftalene, setlhopha sa methyl se tsenelela mo haeteroksilaeseng ke haeterokisilase go bopa 2-haeterokisimetilenafethalene. Mo godimo ga moo, lesale le le sa emisediwang la lesale la naphthalene le nna le hydroxylation ya lesale go bopa dihydrodiol, e e oksidiwang go nna 4-hydroxymethylcatechol mo motseletseleng wa diphetogo tse di tlhotlhelediwang ke enzyme mme e tsene mo tseleng ya khabone e e fa gare ka tsela ya go kgaoga ga lesale la meta. Fela jalo, S. paucimobilis 2322 e ne ya begwa go dirisa NDO go dira gore 2-methylnaphthalene e nne le metsi, e e oketsegang gape go bopa methyl salisilate le methylcatechol (Dutta le ba bangwe, 1998).
Diesiti tsa naphthoic (tse di emiseditsweng/tse di sa emisediwang) ke ditlhagiswa tsa go ntsha botlhole/phetogo ya ditshedi tse di bopilweng ka nako ya go senyega ga methylnaphthalene, phenanthrene le anthracene mme di gololwa mo sedirisiweng sa setso se se dirisitsweng. Go begilwe gore mmu o o itlhaotseng wa Stenotrophomonas maltophilia CSV89 o kgona go fetola esiti ya 1-naphthoic jaaka motswedi wa khabone (Phale le ba bangwe, 1995). Phetogo ya dijo e simolola ka go dira dihaeterokisi ya mogala wa monkgo go bopa 1,2-dihaeterokisi-8-khaboksinaphthalene. Diol e e tlhagelelang e oksidiwa go nna katekhole ka 2-haeterokisi-3-khaboksibenzylidenepiruvate, 3-formylsaliclic acid, 2-haeterokisiisophthalic esiti le salisiliki esiti mme e tsene mo tseleng ya khabone e e fa gare ka tsela ya go kgaoga ga meta-ring (Setshwantsho 3).
Carbaryl ke sebolaya-ditshenekegi sa naphthyl carbamate. Fa e sale ka Phetogo e Tala kwa India ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970, tiriso ya menontsha ya dikhemikhale le dibolayasenyi e dirile gore go nne le koketsego ya mesi ya haeterokhabone e e monkomonate (PAH) go tswa mo metsweding e e seng ya ntlha ya temothuo (Pingali, 2012; Duttagupta et al., 2020). Go fopholediwa gore 55% (diheketara di le 85,722,000) ya lefatshe lotlhe la dijalo kwa India le alafiwa ka dibolaya-ditshenekegi tsa dikhemikhale. Mo dingwageng di le tlhano tse di fetileng (2015–2020), lekala la temothuo la India le dirisitse palogare ya ditone di le 55,000 go ya go di le 60,000 tsa dibolayasenyi ka ngwaga (Lefapha la Dikoporasi le Boitekanelo jwa Balemirui, Lefapha la Temothuo, Puso ya India, Phatwe 2020). Mo dipoaleng tsa Gangetic tse di kwa bokone le bogare (dinaga tse di nang le batho ba bantsi le kitlano ya batho), tiriso ya dibolayasenyi mo dijalong e aname, ka dibolayatshenekegi tse di kwa godimo. Carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) ke sebolayaditshenekegi sa carbamate se se anameng, se se magareng go ya go se se botlhole thata se se dirisiwang mo temothuong ya India ka seelo sa palogare sa ditone di le 100-110. E rekisiwa ka tlwaelo ka fa tlase ga leina la kgwebo la Sevin mme e dirisiwa go laola ditshenekegi (di-aphid, ditshoswane tsa molelo, dintsi, di-mite, digokgo le disenyi tse dingwe tse dintsi tsa kwa ntle) tse di amang dijalo tse di farologaneng (mmidi, soya, letseta, maungo le merogo). Ditshedinnye dingwe tse di jaaka Pseudomonas (NCIB 12042, 12043, C4, C5, C6, C7), Rhodococcus (NCIB 12038), Sphingobacterium spp. (CF06), Burkholderia (C3), Micrococcus le Arthrobacter le tsona di ka dirisiwa go laola disenyi tse dingwe. Go begilwe gore RC100 e ka senya carbaryl (Larkin le Day, 1986; Chapalamadugu le Chaudhry, 1991; Tsela ya go senyega ga carbaryl e ithutilwe thata mo maemong a baeyokhemikhale, enzymatic le dijini mo ditlhaolong tsa mmu tsa Pseudomonas sp. Mefuta ya C4, C5 le C6 (Swetha le Phale, 2005; Trivedi le ba bangwe, 2016) (Setshwantsho 3). Tsela ya metaboliki e simolola ka go tlhaolosiwa ga kgolagano ya ester ka carbaryl haeterolase (CH) go bopa 1-naphthol, methylamine le khabonetaeokosaete. 1-naftol e bo e fetolelwa go nna 1,2-dihaeterokisinaftalene ke 1-naftol haeteroksilase (1-NH), e e fetolelwang go ya pele ka tsela ya khabone e e fa gare ka salicylate le gentisate. Dibaketheria dingwe tse di senyang carbaryl di begilwe gore di e fetola go nna esiti ya salicylic ka go kgaoga ga lesale la ortho la katechol (Larkin le Day, 1986; Chapalamadugu le Chaudhry, 1991). Go tlhokomelwa gore, dibakateria tse di senyang naphthalene di fetola esiti ya salicylic thata ka catechol, fa dibakateria tse di senyang carbaryl tsone di rata go fetola esiti ya salicylic ka tsela ya gentisate.
Ditswakwa tsa esiti ya naphthalenesulfonic/esiti ya disulfonic le esiti ya naphthylaminesulfonic di ka dirisiwa jaaka dilo tse di fa gare mo tlhagisong ya mebala ya azore, dilo tse di kolobisang, diphatlalatsi, jj. 1994). Baemedi ba mofuta wa Pseudomonas (mefuta ya A3, C22) ba begilwe gore ba simolola phetogo ya dijo ka go dira gore lesale le le nkgang monate le le nang le setlhopha sa esiti ya sulfonic le nne le metsi gabedi go bopa dihydrodiol, e e fetolelwang gape go nna 1,2-dihydroxinaphthalene ka setlhopha sa etrilon1 se se itiragalelang fela. 1,2-dihaeterokisinaphthalene e e tlholang e fetolwa ka tsela ya nafthalene ya tlwaelo, ke gore, tsela ya katekole kgotsa ya gentisate (Setshwantsho 4). Go bontshitswe gore esiti ya aminoafthalenesulfoniki le esiti ya haeterokisinafthalenesulfoniki di ka senngwa gotlhelele ke ditlhopha tsa dibakateria tse di tlhakaneng tse di nang le ditsela tse di tlaleletsang tsa catabolic (Nortemann et al., 1986). Go bontshitswe gore leloko le lengwe la setlhopha le ntsha sebabole mo esiti ya aminonaphthalenesulfonic kgotsa esiti ya haeterokisinafthalenesulfoniki ka go dira 1,2-dioxygenation, fa aminosalicylate kgotsa haeterokisisalicylate e gololwa mo sedirisiweng sa setso jaaka metabolise e nngwe e e sa feleng mme morago ga moo e tsewa ke metabolite e nngwe e e sa feleng. Esiti ya naphthalenedisulfonic e batla e le polara mme ga e kgone go bola sentle mo ditsheding mme ka jalo e ka fetolwa ka ditsela tse di farologaneng. Go tlosiwa ga sebabole ga ntlha go diragala ka nako ya go ntsha sebabole ga lesale le le nkgang monate le setlhopha sa esiti ya sulfonic; go tlosiwa ga sebabole ga bobedi go diragala ka nako ya go tlhotlhora ga esiti ya 5-sulfosalisiliki ka esiti ya salisiliki 5-haeteroksilase go bopa esiti ya gentisiki, e e tsenang mo tseleng ya khabone e e fa gare (Brilon et al., 1981) (Setshwantsho 4). Diensaeme tse di rwalang maikarabelo a go senyega ga nafathalene le tsona di na le maikarabelo a phetogo ya nafathalene sulfonate (Brilon le ba bangwe, 1981; Keck le ba bangwe, 2006).
Setshwantsho 4. Ditsela tsa metaboliki tsa go senyega ga naphthalene sulfonate. Dipalo tse di mo teng ga didiko di emela diensaeme tse di rwalang maikarabelo a phetogo ya naphthyl sulfonate, tse di tshwanang/tse di tshwanang le diensaeme tse di tlhalosiwang mo FIG. 3.
Di-PAH tsa bokete jo bo kwa tlase jwa dimolekhule (LMW-PAHs) di a fokotsega, di tshaba metsi e bile ga di tlhotlhorege sentle, mme ka jalo ga di tlhaselwe ke go thubega/go senyega ga tlhago. Le fa go ntse jalo, ditshedinnye tse di nang le mowa di kgona go e dira gore e nne le okosejene ka go monya okosejene ya dimolekhule (O2). Di-enzyme tseno bogolo jang di wela mo setlhopheng sa di-oxidoreductase mme di ka dira diphetogo tse di farologaneng jaaka go tlhotlhora ga mogala wa monkgo (mono- kgotsa dihydroxylation), go ntsha haeterojene le go kgaoga ga mogala wa monkgo. Dihlahiswa tse fumanweng ho tswa ho diphetoho tsena di boemong bo phahameng ba oksijene mme di fetolwa habonolo ka tsela ya khabone e bohareng (Phale et al., 2020). Di-enzyme tse di mo tseleng ya go senyega di begilwe gore di kgona go tlhotlhelediwa. Tiro ya di-enzyme tseno e kwa tlase thata kgotsa ga e tsewe tsia fa disele di jalwa mo metsweding e e bonolo ya khabone jaaka glucose kgotsa diesiti tsa ditshedi. Lenaneo la 3 le akaretsa diensaeme tse di farologaneng (dioksijene, dihaeterolase, didehaeterojenase, dioksidase, jj.) tse di amegang mo phetogong ya naphthalene le ditswakwa tsa yona.
Lenaneo 3. Diponagalo tsa baeyokhemikhale tsa diensaeme tse di rwalang maikarabelo a go senyega ga naphthalene le ditswakwa tsa yona.
Dithuto tsa radioisotope (18O2) di bontshitse gore go tsenngwa ga O2 ya molekhule mo diring tsa monkgo ke di-oxygenase ke kgato e e botlhokwa thata mo go tlhotlheletseng go senyega ga ditshedi go gongwe ga motswako (Hayaishi le ba bangwe, 1955; Mason le ba bangwe, 1955). Go tsenngwa ga athomo e le nngwe ya okosejene (O) go tswa mo okosejeneng ya molekhule (O2) mo sebopegong se se kwa tlase go simololwa ke di-monooxygenase tsa ka fa teng kgotsa tsa kwa ntle (tse gape di bidiwang di-hydroxylase). Atomo e nngwe ya okosejene e fetoga metsi. Di-monooksijenase tsa kwa ntle di fokotsa flavin ka NADH kgotsa NADPH, fa mo di-endomonooksijenase flavin e fokodiwa ke sebopego sa fa tlase. Boemo ba hydroxylation bo fella ka mefutafuta ka sebopeho sa sehlahiswa. Ka sekai, salisilate 1-haeteroksilase e haeteroksilate esiti ya salisiliki mo boemong jwa C1, mme e bopa katekole. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, salisilate 5-haeteroksilase ya dikarolo tse dintsi (e e nang le diyunitipotlana tsa reduktase, ferredoxin, le okosejenase) e haeterokisilate esiti ya salisiliki mo boemong jwa C5, e bopa esiti ya gentisiki (Yamamoto et al., 1965).
Di-dioxygenase di tsenya diatomo tse pedi tsa O2 mo sebopegong se se kwa tlase. Ho itšetlehile ka dihlahiswa tse thehilweng, di arotswe ka lesale hydroxylating dioxygenases le lesale kgaola dioxygenases. Di-dioxyjenase tse di dirang gore go nne le di-ring di fetola di-substrate tse di nkgang monate go nna di-cis-dihydrodiol (sekao, naphthalene) mme di aname thata mo dibakethering. Go fitlha ga jaana, go bontshitswe gore ditshedi tse di nang le di-ring hydroxylating dioksijenase di kgona go gola mo metsweding e e farologaneng ya khabone e e nkgang monate, mme diensaeme tseno di arogantswe jaaka NDO (naphthalene), toluene dioksijenase (TDO, toluene), le biphenyl dioksijenase (BPDO, biphenyl). NDO le BPDO ka bobedi di kgona go dira gore dihaeterokhabone tse di farologaneng tse di nang le monkgo o o nkgang monate (toluene, naeterotoluene, kwaselene, etilebenzene, nafethalene, bifenile, fluorene, indole, metilenafethalene, nafethalenesalenete, asetofenone, jj.) (Boyd le Sheldrake, 1998; Phale le ba bang., 2020). NDO ke thulaganyo ya dikarolo tse dintsi e e nang le oksijenese, fereredokisine, le karolo e e dirang ya lefelo le le nang le okosejenese (Gibson le Subramanian, 1984; Resnick le ba bangwe, 1996). Yuniti ya catalytic ya NDO e na le yuniti e kgolo ya α le yuniti e nnye ya β e e rulagantsweng ka thulaganyo ya α3β3. NDO ke ya lelapa le legolo la di-oksijene mme yuniti ya yona ya α e na le lefelo la Rieske [2Fe-2S] le tshipi e e seng ya heme ya nyutlea e le nngwe, e e laolang go kgethega ga substrate ya NDO (Parales et al., 1998). Ka tlwaelo, mo modikologong o le mongwe wa setlhotlheletsi, dieleketerone tse pedi go tswa mo phokotsong ya nyukleotaete ya pyridine di fetisediwa kwa ion ya Fe (II) mo lefelong le le dirang ka reductase, ferredoxin le lefelo la Rieske. Dilekanyo tse di fokotsang di dira gore okosejene ya dimolekhule e dire, e e leng tlhokego ya go dira gore go nne le dihaeterokisijene tsa substrate (Ferraro et al., 2005). Go fitlha ga jaana, ke di-NDO di le mmalwa fela tse di itshekisitsweng le go tlhaolwa ka botlalo go tswa mo mefuteng e e farologaneng mme taolo ya dijini tsa ditsela tse di amegang mo go senyegeng ga naphthalene e ithutilwe ka botlalo (Resnick le ba bangwe, 1996; Parales le ba bangwe, 1998; Karlsson le ba bangwe, 2003). Di-dioxygenase tse di kgaoganyang di-ring (diensaeme tse di kgaoganyang di-ring tsa endo kgotsa tsa ortho le diensaeme tse di kgaoganyang di-ring tsa exodiol kgotsa tsa meta) di dira mo metswakong e e nkgang monate e e nang le hydroxylated. Sekao, daeoksijenase e e kgaoganyang lesale la ortho ke katekhole-1,2-daeoksijenase, fa daeokosejenase e e kgaoganyang meta-ring e le katekhole-2,3-daeokosejenase (Kojima le ba bangwe, 1961; Nozaki le ba bangwe, 1968). Mo godimo ga di-oksijene tse di farologaneng, gape go na le di-dehydrogenase tse di farologaneng tse di ikarabelang ka go ntsha haeterojene mo di-dihydrodiol tse di nkgang monate, di-alcohol le di-aldehyde le go dirisa NAD+/NADP+ jaaka diamogedi tsa dieleketerone, tse e leng dingwe tsa diensaeme tse di botlhokwa tse di amegang mo phetolong ya dijo (Gibson le Fahleray, Sha96; tse dingwe, 2020).
Diensaeme tse di jaaka di-hydrolase (di-esterase, di-amidase) ke setlhopha sa bobedi se se botlhokwa sa di-ensaeme tse di dirisang metsi go kgaoganya ditlamo tsa covalent le go bontsha go kgethega ga substrate e e anameng. Carbaryl haeterolase le dihaeterolase tse dingwe di tsewa e le dikarolo tsa periplasm (lera le le fetang) mo ditokololong tsa dibakateria tse di sa siamang tsa Gram (Kamini et al., 2018). Carbaryl e na le kgolagano ya amide le ya ester; ka jalo, e ka tlhakanngwa le metsi ke esterase kgotsa amidase go bopa 1-naphthol. Carbaryl mo mofuteng wa Rhizobium AC10023 le mofuta wa Arthrobacter RC100 e begilwe go dira jaaka esterase le amidase, ka go latelana. Carbaryl mo mofuteng wa Arthrobacter RC100 le yona e dira jaaka amidase. RC100 e bontshitswe go tlhotlhora dibolayatshenekegi di le nne tsa setlhopha sa N-methylcarbamate jaaka khabarile, methomile, esiti ya mefenamiki le XMC (Hayaatsu le ba bangwe, 2001). Go begilwe gore CH mo Pseudomonas sp. C5pp e ka dira mo khabarileng (tiro ya 100%) le 1-nafetile asetaite (tiro ya 36%), fela e seng mo 1-nafetileasetamide, se se supang gore ke esterase (Trivedi le ba bangwe, 2016).
Dithuto tsa baeyokhemikhale, mekgwa ya taolo ya enzyme, le tshekatsheko ya dijini di bontshitse gore dijini tsa go senyega ga naphthalene di na le diyuniti tse pedi tsa taolo tse di sa kgoneng go tlhotlhelediwa kgotsa “di-operon”: nah (“tsela e e kwa godimo”, e e fetolang naphthalene go nna esiti ya salicylic) le sal (“tsela e e yang kwa tlase go nna esiti ya salicylic) le sal (“tsela e e yang kwa tlase go nna tsela ya bogareng ya carbon), e e fetolang sa tsela e e kwa tlase ya acidcy). Esiti ya salisiliki le ditshwani tsa yona di ka dira jaaka ditlhotlheletsi (Shamsuzzaman le Barnsley, 1974). Fa go na le glucose kgotsa diesiti tsa ditshedi, operon e a gatelelwa. Setshwantsho sa 5 se bontsha mokgatlo o feletseng wa diphatsa tsa lefutso tsa ho senyeha ha naphthalene (ka sebopeho sa operon). Diphetogo/dibopego di le mmalwa tse di bidiwang tsa jini ya nah (ndo/pah/dox) di tlhalositswe mme di fitlhetswe di na le tshwano e e kwa godimo ya tatelano (90%) mo mefuteng yotlhe ya Pseudomonas (Abbasian et al., 2016). Dijini tsa tsela ya naphthalene e e kwa godimo ka kakaretso di ne di rulagantswe ka tatelano ya tumalano jaaka go bontshitswe mo Setshwantshong 5A. Gene e nngwe, nahQ, le yone e ne ya begwa gore e amega mo go fetoleng naphthalene mme gantsi e ne e le fa gare ga nahC le nahE, mme tiro ya yone ya mmatota e sa ntse e tshwanetse go tlhalosiwa. Ka tsela e e tshwanang, jini ya nahY, e e ikarabelang ka chemotaxis e e bosisi mo naphthalene, e ne ya fitlhelwa kwa ntlheng e e kgakala ya operon ya nah mo ditokololong dingwe. Mo Ralstonia sp., jini ya U2 e e tsenyang khoutu ya glutathione S-phetiso (gsh) e ne ya fitlhelwa e le fa gare ga nahAa le nahAb mme ga e a ama dipharologantsho tsa tiriso ya naphthalene (Zylstra le ba bangwe, 1997).
Setshwantsho 5. Thulaganyo ya dijini le pharologano e e lemogilweng ka nako ya go senyega ga naphthalene mo mefuteng ya dibakateria; (A) Tsela e e kwa godimo ya nafethalene, phetogo ya nafethalene go nna esiti ya salicylic; (B) Tsela e e kwa tlase ya naphthalene, esiti ya salicylic ka catechol go ya kwa tseleng ya khabone e e fa gare; (C) esiti ya salicylic ka gentisate go ya kwa tseleng ya khabone e e fa gare.
“Tsela e e kwa tlase” (operon ya sal) ka tlwaelo e na le nahGTHINLMOKJ mme e fetolela salicylate go nna pyruvate le asetaldehaide ka tsela ya go kgaoga ga katekhole. Gene ya nahG (e e tsenyang khoutu ya salicylate hydroxylase) e ne ya fitlhelwa e bolokilwe kwa bokhutlong jo bo gaufi jwa operon (Setshwantsho 5B). Fa go bapisiwa le mefuta e mengwe e e senyang naphthalene, mo P. putida CSV86 di-operone tsa nah le sal di tandem mme di amana gaufi thata (e ka nna 7.5 kb). Mo dibakethering dingwe tse di sa tshwaneng le Gram, jaaka Ralstonia sp. U2, Polaromonas nafthalevorans CJ2, le P. putida AK5, nafthalene e fetolwa jaaka metabolite ya khabone e e fa gare ka tsela ya gentisate (ka sebopego sa operon ya sgp/nag). Khasete ya dijini ka tlwaelo e emetswe ka sebopeho sa nagAaGHAbAcAdBFCQEDJI, moo nagR (e enyang khoutu ya molaodi wa mofuta wa LysR) e leng pheletsong e hodimo (Setshwantsho 5C).
Carbaryl e tsena mo modikologong wa khabone o o fa gare ka phetogo ya 1-naftol, 1,2-dihaeterokisinaphthalene, esiti ya salisiliki, le esiti ya gentisiki (Setshwantsho 3). Go ikaegilwe ka dithuto tsa dijini le tsa metaboliki, go tshitshintswe go kgaoganya tsela eno go nna “kwa godimo” (phetolo ya carbaryl go nna esiti ya salicylic), “bogare” (phetolo ya esiti ya salicylic go nna esiti ya gentisic), le “kwa tlase” (phetogo ya esiti ya gentisic go nna dilo tse di fa gare tsa tsela ya khabone e e fa gare) (Singh et al., 23 ). Tshekatsheko ya dijini tsa C5pp (supercontig A, 76.3 kb) e senotse gore jini ya mcbACBDEF e amega mo go fetoleng carbaryl go nna esiti ya salisiliki, mme morago ga moo go latelwe ke mcbIJKL mo go fetoleng esiti ya salisiliki go nna esiti ya gentisiki, le mcbOQP ya esiti ya khabone ya bogareng ( piruvete, Trivedi le ba bangwe, 2016) (Setshwantsho 6).
Go begilwe gore diensaeme tse di amegang mo go senyegeng ga dihaeterokhabone tse di nkgang monate (go akaretsa naphthalene le esiti ya salicylic) di ka tlhotlhelediwa ke metswako e e tsamaelanang mme tsa thibelwa ke metswedi e e bonolo ya khabone jaaka sukiri kgotsa diesiti tsa manyolo (Shingler, 2003; Phale et al., 2029). Gareng ga ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa metaboliki tsa naphthalene le ditswakwa tsa yona, diponagalo tsa taolo ya naphthalene le carbaryl di ithutilwe go ya bokgakaleng jo bo rileng. Bakeng sa naphthalene, dijini tse ka bobedi tseleng tse hodimo le tse tlase di laolwa ke NahR, molaodi o motle o sebetsang wa mofuta wa LysR. E a tlhokega go tsenngwa ga jini ya nah ke esiti ya salicylic le go tlhagisiwa ga yona ga maemo a a kwa godimo go go latelang (Yen le Gunsalus, 1982). Ho feta moo, dithuto di bontshitse hore ntlha ya moamohedi e kopantsweng (IHF) le XylR (molaodi wa phetolelo e itshetlehileng ka sigma 54) le tsona di bohlokwa bakeng sa ho kenya tshebetsong ha phetolelo ya dijini phetolo ya naphthalene (Ramos et al., 1997). Dithuto di bontshitse gore diensaeme tsa tsela ya go bula ga meta-ring ya katekhole, e leng katekhole 2,3-dioxygenase, di tlhotlhelediwa fa go na le naphthalene le/kgotsa esiti ya salisiliki (Basu et al., 2006). Dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore diensaeme tsa tsela ya go bula ga katekhole, e leng katekhole 1,2-dioxygenase, di tlhotlhelediwa fa go na le esiti ya benzoic le cis,cis-muconate (Parsek le ba bangwe, 1994; Tover le ba bangwe, 2001).
Mo mofuteng wa C5pp, dijini di le tlhano, mcbG, mcbH, mcbN, mcbR le mcbS, di tsenya dikhoutu tsa balaodi ba ba leng ba lelapa la LysR/TetR la balaodi ba go kwalolola ba ba nang le maikarabelo a go laola go senyega ga carbaryl. Lejini le le tshwanang la mcbG le fitlhetswe le amana thata le molaodi wa mofuta wa LysR PhnS (58% ya boitshupo jwa diaminoesiti) e e amegang mo phetogong ya phenanthrene mo Burkholderia RP00725 (Trivedi le ba bangwe, 2016). Gene ya mcbH e fitlhetswe e amega mo tseleng e e magareng (phetolo ya esiti ya salicylic go nna esiti ya gentisic) mme ke ya molaodi wa kwalololo wa mofuta wa LysR NagR/DntR/NahR mo Pseudomonas le Burkholderia. Ditokololo tsa lelapa leno di ne tsa begwa gore di lemoga salicylic acid jaaka molekhule o o rileng wa effector wa go tsenngwa ga dijini tsa go senyega. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, dijini di le tharo, mcbN, mcbR le mcbS, tse e leng tsa balaodi ba mofuta wa LysR le TetR tsa go kwalolola, di ne tsa supiwa mo tseleng e e kwa tlase (dimetabolite tsa tsela ya khabone ya gentisate-central).
Mo di-prokaryote, dithulaganyo tsa phetiso ya dijini tse di rapaletseng (go bona, go ananya, kgotsa go fetisa) ka dipolasemiti, di-transposon, di-prophage, ditlhaketlhake tsa genomic, le dielemente tsa conjugative tse di kopantsweng (ICE) ke dilo tse dikgolo tse di bakang polasetiki mo dijenomeng tsa dibakateria, tse di lebisang kwa go boneng kgotsa go latlhegelweng ke ditiro/dinonofo tse di rileng. E letla dibakateria go tlwaela ka bonako maemo a a farologaneng a tikologo, go tlamela ka melemo e e ka nnang teng ya go tlwaela metaboliki go moamogedi, jaaka go senyega ga metswako e e nkgang monate. Diphetogo tsa metaboliki gantsi di fitlhelelwa ka go baakanya sentle di-operon tsa go senyega, mekgwa ya tsone ya taolo, le dipharologano tsa enzyme, tse di tlhofofatsang go senyega ga mefuta e e farologaneng ya metswako e e nkgang monate (Nojiri le ba bangwe, 2004; Phale le ba bangwe, 2019, 2020). Dikhasete tsa dijini tsa go senyega ga naphthalene di fitlhetswe di le mo dielemente tse di farologaneng tse di tsamayang jaaka dipolasemiti (tse di kopanang le tse di sa kopaneng), di-transposon, di-genome, di-ICE, le dikopano tsa mefuta e e farologaneng ya dibakateria (Setshwantsho 5). Mo Pseudomonas G7, di-operon tsa nah le sal tsa polasemiti ya NAH7 di kwalololwa ka tlwaelo e e tshwanang mme ke karolo ya phetolelo e e nang le bokoa e e tlhokang phetolelo Tn4653 go kokoanngwa (Sota et al., 2006). Mo mofuteng wa Pseudomonas wa NCIB9816-4, jini e ne ya fitlhelwa mo polasemiti e e kopanyang pDTG1 jaaka di-operon tse pedi (tse di ka nnang 15 kb go tswa mo go tse dingwe) tse di neng tsa kwalololwa ka ditsela tse di fapaaneng (Dennis le Zylstra, 2004). Mo mofuteng wa Pseudomonas putida wa AK5, polasemiti e e sa kopaneng pAK5 e tsenya khoutu ya ensaeme e e ikarabelang mo go senyegeng ga naphthalene ka tsela ya gentisate (Izmalkova le ba bangwe, 2013). Mo mofuteng wa Pseudomonas wa PMD-1, operone ya nah e mo khromosomong, fa operone ya sal e mo polasemiti e e kopanyang pMWD-1 (Zuniga le ba bangwe, 1981). Le fa go ntse jalo, mo Pseudomonas stutzeri AN10, dijini tsotlhe tsa go senyega ga naphthalene (di-operon tsa nah le sal) di mo khromosomong mme go akanngwa gore di thapiwa ka ditiragalo tsa phetolelo, go kopanngwa gape, le go rulaganngwa sešwa (Bosch et al., 2000). Mo go Pseudomonas sp. CSV86, di-operon tsa nah le sal di mo jenomeng ka sebopego sa ICE (ICECSV86). Sebopeho se sireleditswe ke tRNAGly se latelwa ke dipoeletso tse tobileng tse bontshang dibaka tsa ho kopanngwa botjha/ho kgomarela (attR le attL) le integrase e kang phage e fumanehang dintlheng tse pedi tsa tRNAGly, kahoo e tshwana ka sebopeho le elemente ya ICEclc (ICEclcB13 ho Pseudochomonas chlogradation knack). Go begilwe gore dijini tse di mo ICE di ka fetisiwa ka go kopanya ka makgetlo a a kwa tlase thata a phetiso (10-8), ka jalo di fetisetsa dithoto tsa go senyega kwa moamogeding (Basu le Phale, 2008; Phale et al., 2019).
Bontsi jwa dijini tse di ikarabelang ka go senyega ga carbaryl di mo dipolasemiti. Baketara ya marapo sp. RC100 e na le dipolasemiti di le tharo (pRC1, pRC2 le pRC300) tse mo go tsona dipolasemiti tse pedi tse di kopanyang, pRC1 le pRC2, di tsenyang dikhoutu tsa diensaeme tse di fetolang carbaryl go nna gentisate. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, diensaeme tse di amegang mo phetolong ya gentisate go nna dimetabolite tsa khabone tse di fa gare di mo khromosomong (Hayaatsu et al., 1999). Dibaketeria tsa mofuta wa Rhizobium. Mofuta wa AC100, o o dirisediwang go fetolela carbaryl go nna 1-naphthol, o na le polasemiti ya pAC200, e e rwalang jini ya cehA e e tsenyang khoutu ya CH jaaka karolo ya transposon ya Tnceh e e dikologilweng ke tatelano e e tshwanang le dielemente tsa go tsenya (istA le istB) (Hashimoto le ba bangwe, 2020). Mo mofuteng wa Sphingomonas wa CF06, go dumelwa gore jini ya go senyega ga carbaryl e teng mo dipolasemiti di le tlhano: pCF01, pCF02, pCF03, pCF04, le pCF05. Tshwano ya DNA ya dipolasemiti tseno e kwa godimo, e e supang go nna teng ga tiragalo ya go ipoeletsa ga dijini (Feng et al., 1997). Mo setsheding se se senyang di-carbaryl se se bopilweng ka mefuta e mebedi ya Pseudomonas, mofuta wa 50581 o na le polasemiti e e kopanyang pCD1 (50 kb) e e tsenyang khoutu ya jini ya mcd carbaryl hydrolase, fa polasemiti e e kopanyang mo mofuteng wa 50552 e e tsenyang khoutu ya 1 1991). Mo mofuteng wa Achromobacter wa WM111, jini ya mcd furadan haeterolase e mo polasemiting ya 100 kb (pPDL11). Gene e e bontshitswe e le teng mo dipolasemiti tse di farologaneng (100, 105, 115 kgotsa 124 kb) mo dibakethering tse di farologaneng go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di farologaneng tsa thutafatshe (Parekh et al., 1995). Mo go Pseudomonas sp. C5pp, dijini tsotlhe tse di rwalang maikarabelo a go senyega ga carbaryl di mo jenomeng e e akaretsang 76.3 kb ya tatelano (Trivedi le ba bangwe, 2016). Tshekatsheko ya jenome (6.15 Mb) e senotse go nna teng ga di-MGE di le 42 le di-GEI di le 36, tse mo go tsone di-MGE di le 17 di neng di le mo supercontig A (76.3 kb) ka palogare ya diteng tsa G + C tse di sa lekalekaneng (54–60 mol%), se se akantshang gore go ka nna le ditiragalo tsa phetiso ya dijini tse di rapaletseng (al60T). P. putida XWY-1 e bontsha thulaganyo e e tshwanang ya dijini tse di senyang carbaryl, fela dijini tseno di mo polasemiti (Zhu le ba bangwe, 2019).
Mo godimo ga bokgoni jwa metaboliki mo maemong a biochemical le genomic, ditshedinnye gape di bontsha dithoto tse dingwe kgotsa dikarabo tse di jaaka chemotaxis, dithoto tsa phetolo ya boalogodimo jwa sele, go aroganngwa, tiriso e e kgethegileng, tlhagiso ya biosurfactant, jj., tse di di thusang go fetola ka bokgoni jo bo oketsegileng dikgotleletsi tse di nkgang monate mo dikgotlelelong (Fig7).
Setshwantsho 7. Maano a a farologaneng a tsibogo ya disele a dibakateria tse di siameng tse di senyang haeterokhabone tse di nkgang monate tsa go senya metswako e e kgotlelang ya kwa ntle ka tsela e e nang le matswela.
Dikarabo tsa chemotactic di tsewa e le dintlha tse di tokafatsang go senyega ga dikgotleletsi tsa ditshedi mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo tse di kgotletsweng ka go sa tshwane. (2002) ba bontshitse gore go tlhotlhelediwa ga dikhemikhale tsa Pseudomonas sp. G7 go ya go naphthalene e okeditse seelo sa go senyega ga naphthalene mo dithulaganyong tsa metsi. Mofuta wa mofuta wa naga wa G7 o ne wa senya naphthalene ka bonako thata go feta mofuta wa mofuta o o fetogileng o o tlhaelang chemotaxis. Poroteine ​​ya NahY (diaminoesiti di le 538 tse di nang le topology ya lera) e ne ya fitlhelwa e kwalolotswe mmogo le dijini tsa tsela ya metacleavage mo polasemiti ya NAH7, mme fela jaaka diphetolelo tsa khemotaksi, poroteine ​​eno e lebega e dira jaaka seamogedi sa khemo sa go senyega ga naphthalene (Grimm le Harwood 1997). Thuto e nngwe e e dirilweng ke Hansel le ba bangwe. (2009) ba bontshitse gore poroteine ​​e na le dikhemikhale, fela seelo sa yona sa go senyega se kwa godimo. (2011) e bontshitse karabelo ya dikhemikhale ya Pseudomonas (P. putida) ho naphthalene e gase, moo phatlalatso ya legato la gase e ileng ya fella ka phallo e tsitsitseng ya naphthalene disele, e neng e laola karabelo ya dikhemikhale ya disele. Babatlisisi ba ne ba dirisa boitshwaro jono jwa go dirisa dikhemikale go dira ditshedinnye tse di neng di tla dira gore di senyege ka bonako. Dipatlisiso di bontshitse gore ditsela tsa chemosensory gape di laola ditiro tse dingwe tsa disele tse di jaaka go kgaogana ga disele, taolo ya modikologo wa disele, le go bopega ga biofilm, ka jalo di thusa go laola selekanyo sa go senyega ga disele. Le fa go ntse jalo, go dirisa thoto eno (chemotaxis) go senyega ka tsela e e nang le matswela go kgorelediwa ke dikgoreletsi di le mmalwa. Dikgoreletsi tse dikgolo ke: (a) di-receptor tse di farologaneng tsa paralogous di lemoga metswako/diligand tse di tshwanang; (b) go nna teng ga di-receptor tse dingwe, ke gore, tropism e e nang le matlhagatlhaga; (c) dipharologano tse di botlhokwa tsa tatelano mo dikarolong tsa maikutlo tsa lelapa le le tshwanang la baamogedi; le (d) go tlhoka tshedimosetso ka ga diporoteine ​​tse dikgolo tsa sensara ya dibakateria (Ortega le ba bangwe, 2017; Martin-Mora le ba bangwe, 2018). Ka dinako tse dingwe, go senyega ga dihaeterokhabone tse di nkgang monate go ntsha di-metabolites/di-intermediate tse dintsi, tse di ka nnang tsa nna dikhemikhale mo setlhopheng se le sengwe sa dibakateria mme di le kgatlhanong le tse dingwe, mme seno se raraanya thulaganyo le go feta. Go supa ditirisano tsa diligand (dihaeterokhabone tse di nkgang monate) le diamogedi tsa dikhemikhale, re ne ra aga diporoteine ​​tsa sensara tse di kopantsweng (PcaY, McfR, le NahY) ka go kopanya dikarolo tsa sensara le tsa matshwao tsa Pseudomonas putida le Escherichia coli, tse di lebileng baamogedi ba diesiti tse di nkgang monate, TCA naspectly le intermedia. 2019).
Ka fa tlase ga tlhotlheletso ya naphthalene le dihaeterokhabone tse dingwe tse di nkgang monate tsa polycyclic (PAHs), popego ya lera la dibakateria le bothokgami jwa ditshedinnye di nna le diphetogo tse dikgolo. Dithuto di bontshitse gore naphthalene e kgoreletsa tirisano ya ketane ya acyl ka ditirisano tsa hydrophobic, ka jalo e oketsa go ruruga le go elela ga lera (Sikkema et al., 1995). Go lwantsha phelelo e e kotsi e, dibakateria di laola go elela ga lera ka go fetola selekanyo le popego ya diesiti tsa mafura magareng ga diesiti tsa mafura tsa ketane e e nang le dikala tsa iso/anteiso le go dira gore diesiti tsa mafura tsa cis tse di sa kgotsofalang di nne di-trans-isomer tse di tsamaelanang (Heipieper le de Bont, 1994). Mo Pseudomonas stutzeri e e godisitsweng ka kalafi ya naphthalene, tekanyetso ya esiti ya mafura e e kgotsofetseng go ya go e e sa kgotsofalang e ne ya oketsega go tswa go 1.1 go ya go 2.1, fa mo Pseudomonas JS150 tekanyetso eno e ne ya oketsega go tswa go 7.5 go ya go 12.0 (Mrozik et al., 2004). Fa di godisitswe mo naphthalene, disele tsa Achromobacter KAs 3–5 di bontshitse go kokoana ga disele go dikologa dikristale tsa naphthalene le phokotsego ya tefiso ya boalogodimo jwa sele (go tswa go -22.5 go ya go et2.5 mV) e e tsamayang le go tlhotlhorega ga dithoto tsa cytoplasma le go tlhotlhorega ga disele tsa alhaMofa, go supa diphetogo mo boalogodimong jwa sele ya alhaMofa. 2019). Le fa diphetogo tsa disele/boalogodimo di amana ka tlhamalalo le go tsewa botoka ga dikgotleletsi tse di nkgang monate, maano a a maleba a boenjenere jwa ditshedi ga a ise a tokafadiwe ka botlalo. Go dirisa popego ya sele ka boferefere go dirisitswe ka sewelo go tokafatsa dithulaganyo tsa ditshedi (Volke le Nikel, 2018). Go phimolwa ga dijini tse di amang go kgaogana ga disele go baka diphetogo mo popego ya disele. Go phimolwa ga dijini tse di amang go kgaogana ga disele go baka diphetogo mo sebopegong sa disele. Mo Bacillus subtilis, poroteine ​​ya septum ya sele SepF e bontshitswe e amega mo go bopeng septum mme e a tlhokega mo dikgatong tse di latelang tsa karogano ya sele, fela ga se jini e e botlhokwa. Go phimolwa ga dijini tse di tsenyang khoutu ya di-hydrolase tsa glycan tsa peptide mo Bacillus subtilis go ne ga felela ka gore disele di lelefale, go oketsege ga seelo se se rileng sa kgolo, le bokgoni jwa go tlhagisa enzyme jo bo tokafaditsweng (Cui et al., 2018).
Go aroganngwa ga tsela ya go senyega ga carbaryl go tshitshintswe go fitlhelela go senyega go go nang le matswela ga mefuta ya Pseudomonas C5pp le C7 (Kamini et al., 2018). Go tshitshinngwa gore carbaryl e rwalelwa mo sebakeng sa periplasmic ka septum ya lera la kwa ntle le/kgotsa ka di-porin tse di phatlalalang. CH ke ensaeme ya periplasmic e e tlhotlheletsang go tlhaolosiwa ga metsi ga carbaryl go nna 1-naphthol, e e tlhomameng thata, e e tshabang metsi thata e bile e le botlhole thata. CH e mo periplasm mme e na le kamano e e kwa tlase ya carbaryl, ka jalo e laola go bopega ga 1-naphthol, ka jalo e thibela go kokoanngwa ga yona mo diseleng le go fokotsa botlhole jwa yona mo diseleng (Kamini et al., 2018). 1-naphthol e e tlhagelelang e rwalelwa mo cytoplasm go kgabaganya lera le le ka fa gare ka go kgaoganya le/kgotsa go gasa, mme morago ga moo e hydroxylated go nna 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene ke enzyme ya kamano e e kwa godimo ya 1NH go dira phetogo e nngwe mo tseleng ya khabone e e fa gare.
Le fa ditshedinnye di na le bokgoni jwa dijini le jwa metaboliki go senya metswedi ya khabone ya xenobiotic, popego ya tatelano ya tiriso ya tsona (ke gore, tiriso e e kgethegileng ya metswedi e e bonolo go na le e e raraaneng ya khabone) ke sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go senyega ga ditshedi. Go nna teng le tiriso ya metswedi e e bonolo ya khabone go fokotsa dijini tse di tsenyang dikhoutu tsa diensaeme tse di senyang metswedi e e raraaneng/e e sa ratweng ya khabone jaaka di-PAH. Sekao se se ithutilweng sentle ke gore fa sukiri le lactose di fepiwa mmogo le Escherichia coli, sukiri e dirisiwa ka nonofo go feta lactose (Jacob le Monod, 1965). Pseudomonas e begilwe go senya mefuta e e farologaneng ya di-PAH le metswako ya xenobiotic jaaka metswedi ya khabone. Tatelano ya tiriso ya motswedi wa khabone mo Pseudomonas ke diesiti tsa dibodi > sukiri > metswako e e nkgang monate (Hylemon le Phibbs, 1972; Collier le ba bangwe, 1996). Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le sengwe se se sa akarediweng. Se se kgatlhang ke gore, Pseudomonas sp. CSV86 e bontsha popego e e kgethegileng ya tatelano e e dirisang thata dihaeterokhabone tse di nkgang monate (esiti ya benzoic, naphthalene, jj.) go na le sukiri mme e fetola dihaeterokhabone tse di nkgang monate mmogo le diesiti tsa manyolo (Basu et al., 2006). Mo bakethering e, dijini tsa go senyega le go tsamaisa dihaeterokhabone tse di nkgang monate ga di fokodiwe le fa go na le motswedi wa bobedi wa khabone jaaka glucose kgotsa diesiti tsa ditshedi. Fa e godisitswe mo gare ga sukiri le dihaeterokhabone tse di nkgang monate, go ne ga lemogiwa gore dijini tsa go tsamaisa sukiri le go fetola dijo di ne di fokoditswe, dihaeterokhabone tse di monkomonate di ne tsa dirisiwa mo legatong la ntlha la go kwala, mme sukiri e ne ya dirisiwa mo legatong la bobedi la go kwala (Basu et al., 2006, Choudhary et al.71). Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, go nna teng ga diesiti tsa manyolo ga go a ama tlhagiso ya metabolism ya haeterokhabone e e monkomonate, ka jalo baketeria eno e solofetswe go nna mofuta wa ntlhopheng wa dithuto tsa go senyega ga ditshedi (Phale et al., 2020).
Go itsege sentle gore phetogo ya ditshedi ya haeterokhabone e ka baka kgatelelo ya oksijene le go laolwa ga diensaeme tsa antioxidant mo ditsheding tse dinnye. Go senyega ga ditshedi ga naphthalene go go sa direng sentle mo diseleng tsa legato le le sa tshikhinyeng le mo go nneng teng ga metswako e e botlhole go isa kwa go bopeng mefuta ya okosejene e e tsibogang (ROS) (Kang et al. 2006). Ka gonne diensaeme tse di senyang naphthalene di na le ditlhopha tsa tshipi-sebabole, ka fa tlase ga kgatelelo ya oksijene, tshipi e e mo diporoteineng tsa heme le tshipi-sebabole e tla nna le oksijene, mme seno se tla dira gore poroteine ​​e se ka ya dira. Ferredoxin-NADP + reductase (Fpr), mmogo le superoxide dismutase (SOD), e tsereganya tsibogo ya redox e e ka busediwang morago magareng ga NADP + / NADPH le dimolekhule tse pedi tsa ferredoxin kgotsa flavodoxin, ka jalo e tlhotlhora ROS le go busetsa setheo sa tshipi-sebabole ka fa tlase ga kgatelelo ya oksijene (Li et. Go begilwe gore bobedi Fpr le SodA (SOD) mo Pseudomonas di ka tlhotlhelediwa ke kgatelelo ya oksijene, mme ditiro tse di oketsegileng tsa SOD le catalase di ne tsa lemogwa mo mefuteng e mene ya Pseudomonas (O1, W1, As1, le G1) ka nako ya kgolo mo maemong a a okeditsweng ka naphthalene (K.0). Dipatlisiso di bontshitse gore tlaleletso ya dithibela-megare jaaka ascorbic acid kgotsa tshipi ya tshipi (Fe2+) e ka oketsa seelo sa kgolo ya naphthalene. Fa Rhodococcus erythropolis e ne e gola mo sedirisiweng sa naphthalene, go kwalololwa ga dijini tsa cytochrome P450 tse di amanang le kgatelelo ya oksijene tse di akaretsang sodA (Fe/Mn superoxide), sodC (Cu/Zn superoxide), le recA go ne ga okediwa (Sazykin et al., 201). Tshekatsheko ya proteomic ya papiso ya disele tsa Pseudomonas tse di tlhomilweng mo naphthalene e bontshitse gore go laolwa ga diporoteine ​​tse di farologaneng tse di amanang le karabelo ya kgatelelo ya oksijene ke leano la go lepalepana le kgatelelo ya maikutlo (Herbst et al., 2013).
Ditshedinnye di begilwe go tlhagisa di-biosurfactants ka fa tlase ga tiro ya metswedi ya khabone e e tshabang metsi. Di-surfactant tseno ke metswako e e dirang mo godimo ga amphiphilic e e ka bopang di-aggregate kwa difatlhegong tsa oli le metsi kgotsa mowa le metsi. Seno se rotloetsa go tswakana ga maaka mme se tlhofofatsa go monyelwa ga dihaeterokhabone tse di nkgang monate, mme seno se felela ka go senyega ga ditshedi ka tsela e e nang le matswela (Rahman et al., 2002). Ka lebaka la thepa tsena, biosurfactants di sebediswa haholo ka indasteri e sa tšoaneng. Go oketsa ga di-surfactant tsa dikhemikhale kgotsa di-biosurfactants mo ditso tsa dibakateria go ka tokafatsa bokgoni le seelo sa go senyega ga haeterokhabone. Gareng ga di-surfactant tsa ditshedi, di-rhamnolipid tse di tlhagisiwang ke Pseudomonas aeruginosa di ithutilwe thata le go tlhaolwa (Hisatsuka le ba bangwe, 1971; Rahman le ba bangwe, 2002). Mo godimo ga moo, mefuta e mengwe ya di-biosurfactants e akaretsa di-lipopeptide (di-mucin tse di tswang mo di-pseudomonas fluorescens), setlhatswa-mafura 378 (go tswa mo di-pseudomonas fluorescens) (Rosenberg le Ron, 1999), dilipidi tsa trehalose disaccharide go tswa mo di-Rhodocoswacilluches (Ramdah9), le Hallberg, 2002), le sediriswa se se dirang mo godimo ga lefatshe go tswa mo Bacillus subtilis (Siegmund le Wagner, 1991) le Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Zhi le ba bangwe, 2017). Di-surfactant tseno tse di maatla di bontshitswe di fokotsa kgagamalo ya boalogodimo go tswa go 72 dynes/cm go ya kwa tlase ga 30 dynes/cm, go letla monyelo e e botoka ya haeterokhabone. Go begilwe gore Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Rhodococcus, Burkholderia le mefuta e mengwe ya dibakateria di ka tlhagisa ditshedi tse di farologaneng tse di theilweng mo rhamnolipid le glycolipid fa di jalwa mo metsweding ya naphthalene le methylnaphthalene (Kanga le ba bangwe, 1997; Puntus et al.5). Pseudomonas maltophilia CSV89 e ka tlhagisa sediriswa sa ditshedi se se kwa ntle ga sele sa Biosur-Pm fa se jalwa mo metswakong e e nkgang monate jaaka esiti ya naphthoic (Phale le ba bangwe, 1995). Kinetics ya go bopega ga Biosur-Pm e bontshitse gore tshwaragano ya yona ke thulaganyo e e ikaegileng ka kgolo le pH. Go fitlhetswe gore selekanyo sa Biosur-Pm se se tlhagisiwang ke disele ka pH e e sa tseyeng letlhakore se ne se le kwa godimo go feta sa pH 8.5. Disele tse di godisitsweng ka pH 8.5 di ne di tshaba metsi thata mme di ne di na le kamano e e kwa godimo ya metswako ya monkgo le aliphatic go na le disele tse di godisitsweng ka pH 7.0. Mo go Rhodokokase mofuta. N6, tekanyetso e e kwa godimo ya khabone go naeterojene (C:N) le tekanyetso ya tshipi ke maemo a a siameng a go tlhagisa di-biosurfactant tsa kwa ntle ga disele (Mutalik et al., 2008). Maiteko a dirilwe go tokafatsa tlhakanyo ya ditshedi tsa di-biosurfactants (di-surfactins) ka go tokafatsa mefuta le go bedisa. Le fa go ntse jalo, titer ya sediriswa sa boalogodimo mo sedirisiweng sa setso e kwa tlase (1.0 g / L), e e tlisang kgwetlho mo tlhagisong e kgolo (Jiao le ba bangwe, 2017; Wu le ba bangwe, 2019). Ka jalo, go ile ga dirisiwa mekgwa ya boenjenere jwa dijini go tokafatsa biosynthesis ya yone. Le fa go ntse jalo, phetolo ya yone ya boenjenere e thata ka ntlha ya bogolo jo bogolo jwa operon (∼25 kb) le taolo e e raraaneng ya biosynthetic ya thulaganyo ya go utlwa khoramo (Jiao le ba bangwe, 2017; Wu le ba bangwe, 2019). Diphetolo di le mmalwa tsa boenjenere jwa dijini di dirilwe mo dibakethering tsa Bacillus, tse di ikaeletsweng thata go oketsa tlhagiso ya surfactin ka go emisetsa motlhotlheletsi (operon ya srfA), go tlhagisa go feta selekanyo poroteine ​​ya thomelontle ya surfactin YerP le dintlha tsa taolo ComX le PhrC (Jiao et al., 201). Le fa go ntse jalo, mekgwa eno ya go fetola dijini e fitlheletse fela phetolo e le nngwe kgotsa di le mmalwa tsa dijini mme ga e ise e fitlhelele go tlhagisiwa ga dijini. Ka jalo, go tlhokega gore go ithutiwe go ya pele ka mekgwa ya go tokafatsa e e theilweng mo kitsong.
Dithuto tsa go senyega ga ditshedi tsa PAH di dirwa thata mo maemong a a tlwaelegileng a laboratori. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mafelong a a kgotletsweng kgotsa mo ditikologong tse di kgotletsweng, dintlha tse dintsi tsa abiotic le biotic (thempheretšha, pH, okosejene, go nna teng ga dikotla, go nna teng ga ditshedi tsa substrate, di-xenobiotic tse dingwe, thibelo ya setlhagiswa sa bofelo, jj.) di bontshitswe di fetola le go tlhotlheletsa bokgoni jwa go senya jwa ditshedinnye.
Mogote o na le tshusumetso e kgolo mo go senyegeng ga ditshedi ga PAH. Fa themperetšha e ntse e oketsega, selekanyo sa okosejene e e tswakilweng se a fokotsega, se se amang metabolism ya ditshedinnye tse di nang le mowa, ka gonne di tlhoka okosejene ya dimolekhule jaaka nngwe ya di-substrate tsa di-oxygenase tse di dirang diphetogo tsa hydroxylation kgotsa tsa go kgaoga ga di-ring. Gantsi go lemogwa gore themphereitšha e e kwa godimo e fetola di-PAH tsa motsadi go nna metswako e e botlhole thata, ka jalo e thibela go senyega ga ditshedi (Muller et al., 1998).
Go lemogilwe gore mafelo a mantsi a a kgotletsweng ke PAH a na le boleng jwa pH jo bo feteletseng, jaaka mafelo a a kgotletsweng a kelelo ya meepo ya esiti (pH 1–4) le mafelo a go dira gase ya tlholego/magala a a kgotletsweng ke alkaline leachate (pH 8–12). Maemo ano a ka ama thata thulaganyo ya go senyega ga ditshedi. Ka jalo, pele ga go dirisa ditshedinnye go baakanya ditshedi, go atlanegisiwa go fetola pH ka go tsenya dikhemikhale tse di maleba ( tse di nang le bokgoni jo bo magareng go ya go jo bo kwa tlase thata jwa go fokotsa oksijene) jaaka ammoniamo salefate kgotsa ammoniamo naetereite mo mebung ya alkaline kgotsa go tshela kalaka ka khalesiamo si Bolen khaboneite kgotsa magnew. 1995;
Tlamelo ya okosejene kwa lefelong le le amegang ke ntlha e e lekanyetsang seelo sa go senyega ga ditshedi ga PAH. Ka ntlha ya maemo a redox a tikologo, dithulaganyo tsa go baakanya ditshedi mo lefelong la tsone gantsi di tlhoka go tsenngwa ga okosejene go tswa mo metsweding ya kwa ntle (go lema, go tsholola mowa, le go oketsa ka dikhemikhale) (Pardieck et al., 1992). Odenkranz le ba bangwe. (1996) e bontshitse gore go oketsa ga magnesium peroxide (motswako o o gololang okosejene) mo aquifer e e kgotletsweng go ka baakanya metswako ya BTEX ka katlego. Thutopatlisiso e nngwe e ne ya batlisisa go senyega ga phenol le BTEX mo lefelong la yone mo aquifer e e kgotletsweng ka go tlhaba sodium nitrate le go aga didiba tsa go ntsha go fitlhelela paakanyo e e atlegileng ya ditshedi (Bewley le Webb, 2001).